GWD 18-10 请帮忙解答或者给个链接,谢谢

Q7 to Q10:

      The term “episodic memory” was

       introduced by Tulving to refer to what he

       considered a uniquely human capacity—

Line       the ability to recollect specific past events,

  (5)      to travel back into the past in one’s own

mind—as distinct from the capacity simply

to use information acquired through past

experiences.  Subsequently, Clayton et al.

developed criteria to test for episodic

(10)      memory in animals.  According to these

criteria, episodic memories are not of

individual bits of information; they involve

multiple components of a single event

“bound” together.  Clayton sought to

(15)      examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate

memory of “what,” “where,” and “when”

information and their binding of this infor-

mation.  In the wild, these birds store food

for retrieval later during periods of food

(20)      scarcity.  Clayton’s experiment required

       jays to remember the type, location, and

       freshness of stored food based on a unique

learning event.  Crickets were stored in one

location and peanuts in another.  Jays

(25)      prefer crickets, but crickets degrade

more quickly.  Clayton’s birds switched

their preference from crickets to peanuts

once the food had been stored for a certain

length of time, showing that they retain

(30)      information about the what, the where,

and the when.  Such experiments cannot,

however, reveal whether the birds were

       reexperiencing the past when retrieving the

information.  Clayton acknowledged this by

using the term “episodic-like” memory.

Q10:

In order for Clayton’s experiment to show that scrub jays have episodic-like memory, which of the following must be true in the experiment?

是在那里.

In the wild, these birds store food

for retrieval later during periods of food

(20)      scarcity.

红字说明没有scarcity这个条件，实验是没办法进行的

Q10:>>

In order for Clayton’s experiment to show that scrub jays have episodic-like memory, which of the following must be true in the experiment?

问 为了能让C的试验证明SJ有episodic-like memory，下面哪一个必须是正确的>>

>>

1. Some of the jays retrieved stored peanuts on the first occasion they were allowed to retrieve food.>>  反，应该是先找cricket
   
2. All the crickets were retrieved before any of the peanuts were.>> ALL错误，不一定要所有的crickets。而且如果有些crickets腐烂了，就要去找peanut
   
3. The peanuts were stored further away than the crickets. peanuts比crickets藏的地方远，没有远近的意思。
   
4. When a jay attempted to retrieve a cricket or a peanut, the jay was prevented from eating it.  不允许吃，没有
   
5. Throughout the experiment the jays were fed at levels typical of a time of scarcity.    对应20行，如果试验不在食物短缺的时候，jays就不会藏食物了

这题A是正确的。

A说鸟在回去找食物时首先找的就是peanut，这个符合原文说的鸟prefer
            cricket，但是能记住什么储存cricket的，如果储存时间过长的话，cricket就腐烂了，于是鸟就prefer peanut了。如果假设A不成立，就是说鸟都会先去看cricket，然后发现腐烂了再去找peanut，这就不能证明鸟能retain 
                        information about the what, the where,and the when了。这就与原文矛盾。所以A必对！

E是无关选项。原文只是说鸟会储藏食物，以备食物匮乏时用。E是说“贯穿整个实验，鸟一直被喂食物缺乏时（他们所需的）饭量”。这个不是必然。

不知道E是什么意思……

Thanks, got the meaning of E. The condition must be such that the food is of scarcity throughout the experiment.