请教几道怪怪的逻辑问题

14.  Historian:  Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus.  Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques.  It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent.  Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’ that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics.  Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’ own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false.  A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however.  Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.

In the historian’s reasoning, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?

1. The first provides evidence in support of the overall position that the historian defends; the second is evidence that has been used to support an opposing position.
2. The first provides evidence in support of the overall position that the historian defends; the second is that position.
3. The first provides evidence in support of an intermediate conclusion that is drawn to provide support for the overall position that the historian defends; the second provides evidence against that intermediate conclusion.
4. The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes; the second is evidence offered in support of the historian’s own position.
5. The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes; the second is further information that substantiates that evidence.

答案是d...我不明白的是The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes，怎么会是支持历史学家所批评的观点呢？其次，second is evidence offered in support of the historian’s own position.，又从何理解?

1. A substantial number of Levaskans have withdrawn at least some of the money they had invested in the special accounts.
2. Workers in Levaska who already save money in long-term tax-free accounts that are offered through their workplace cannot take advantage of the special savings accounts introduced by the government.
3. The rate at which interest earned on money deposited in regular savings accounts is taxed depends on the income bracket of the account holder.
4. Many Levaskans who already had long-term savings have steadily been transferring those savings into the special accounts.
5. Many of the economists who now claim that the government’s plan has been successful criticized it when it was introduced.

此题目答案是 D。。。我觉得如果是 D的话应该就是SUPPORT，而不是Weaken了。。。所以我选择的是A...此题目逻辑关系是很明显的

征求大家的意见。

Q21:

An overwhelming proportion of the most productive employees at SaleCo’s regional offices work not eight hours a day, five days a week, as do other SaleCo employees, but rather ten hours a day, four days a week, with Friday off.  Noting this phenomenon, SaleCo’s president plans to increase overall productivity by keeping the offices closed on Fridays and having all employees work the same schedule—ten hours a day, four days a week.

Which of the following, if true, provides the most reason to doubt that the president’s plan, if implemented, will achieve its stated purpose?

1. Typically, a SaleCo employee’s least productive hours in the workplace are the early afternoon hours.
2. None of the employees who work four days a week had volunteered to work that schedule, but all were assigned to it by their supervisors.
3. Working ten hours a day has allowed the most productive employees to work two hours alone each day in their respective offices relatively undisturbed by fellow employees.
4. Employees at SaleCo are compensated not on the basis of how many hours a week they work but on the basis of how productive they are during the hours they are at work.
5. Those SaleCo employees who have a four-day workweek do not take any of their office work to do at home on Fridays.

这道题目的逻辑结构是很明显的．．但为什么只有c是正确的呢．．．．我觉得c不能weaken．．

此题目的逻辑推理是由一种现象泛化成一般的现象．．因此，weaken的关键是找出一般的情况与特殊情况的差异，但c好象并没有提供这种差异性啊．．

请教各位了　！！！

Boldface的题我也云里雾里的，回答楼主第二题：题目是问Weaken的，那么你只需要找到如果还有其它方式或者途径可以导致同样的结果，那么这些方式或者途径就是Weaken Argument的。比如题目说Millions of dollars have accumulated in the special accounts，那么除了政府的激励措施之外，很显然还有其它可能会导致这个结果，比如D的；因为人民本来就有这样的长期策略来增加储蓄并不是因为政府激励的结果。所以是D.

以前有帖子解释Weaken和Support的方法，如果题目是通过什么措施导致一个结果上升，那么如果选项是可以导致上升的，就是Weaken，如果选项是导致下降的，那么就是Support。

不知道有没有说清楚。慢慢揣摩吧

to Jabils:

你提出的第二题的解题思路是正确的．．但本文的结论只是说通过某种方式可以达到某种目标．而不是说通过这种方式一定能达到某种目标，因此，此题目的weaken的突破口应该不在结论本身，而在推理的论据上．

原逻辑是说：　政府通过一些优惠措施给每个居民设立一个特殊的帐户，居民在这个帐户上invest money..这样就可以到达Millions of dollars have accumulated in the special accounts．．．对于Ｄ，transferring those savings into the special accounts其实是支持了原文的观点，因为这样还是使特殊帐户的存款提高了．．对与A,虽然说居民在这个特殊的帐户上　invest money,但如果又马上withdraw的话，则不能保证这个特殊帐户的存款不断增长！！

21   这个选项我觉得出的比较隐蔽,他是说本来就一天工作10小时的人之所以效率高,是因为比起那些工作8小时的人,前者   有2个小时不受外界影响,所以才可以效率高,如果所有人都工作10小时的话,那么前者就会受到影响而导致效率没有以前高

恩　对啊！！！

虽然我觉得这到题目很难判断呢～～～～

Q32:

Proposal:  Carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere block the escape of heat into space.  So emission of these “greenhouse” gases contributes to global warming.  In order to reduce global warming, emission of greenhouse gases needs to be reduced.  Therefore, the methane now emitted from open landfills should instead be burned to produce electricity.  

Objection:  The burning of methane generates carbon dioxide that is released into the atmosphere.  

Which of the following, if true, most adequately counters the objection made to the proposal?

A.   Every time a human being or other mammal exhales, there is some carbon dioxide released into the air.

B.    The conversion of methane to electricity would occur at a considerable distance from the landfills.

C.   The methane that is used to generate electricity would generally be used as a substitute for a fuel that does not produce any greenhouse gases when burned.

D.   Methane in the atmosphere is more effective in blocking the escape of heat from the Earth than is carbon dioxide.

E.    The amount of methane emitted from the landfills could be reduced if the materials whose decomposition produces methane were not discarded, but recycled.

这题帮忙看下吧  C怎么不对了?

Q32:

　关键是如何反驳The burning of methane generates carbon dioxide that is released into the atmosphere.　objection是反对燃烧carbon dioxide 的计划的．如果methane比carbon dioxide 阻止热量的逃离大气层更加有效，也就是说即使燃烧methane过程中产生了carbon dioxide ，该方案也是可取的．．从而达到weaken objection的效果．

Objection:  The burning of methane generates carbon dioxide that is released into the atmosphe

反对的不是METHAND 燃烧吗?

就是说M比C 更有坏处,燃烧M的过程中M全转化成了C, 一种坏处大的物质变成了坏处小的物质所以说这个燃烧M的方法是好的咯?

那C呢? 意思上也有点削弱