[讨论]

Q7 to Q10:

      The term “episodic memory” was

            introduced by Tulving to refer to what he

            considered a uniquely human capacity—

Line     the ability to recollect specific past events,

  (5)      to travel back into the past in one’s own

mind—as distinct from the capacity simply

to use information acquired through past

experiences.  Subsequently, Clayton et al.

developed criteria to test for episodic

(10)     memory in animals.  According to these

criteria, episodic memories are not of

individual bits of information; they involve

multiple components of a single event

“bound” together.  Clayton sought to

(15)     examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate

memory of “what,” “where,” and “when”

information and their binding of this infor-

mation.  In the wild, these birds store food

for retrieval later during periods of food

(20)     scarcity.  Clayton’s experiment required

            jays to remember the type, location, and

            freshness of stored food based on a unique

learning event.  Crickets were stored in one

location and peanuts in another.  Jays

(25)     prefer crickets, but crickets degrade

more quickly.  Clayton’s birds switched

their preference from crickets to peanuts

once the food had been stored for a certain

length of time, showing that they retain

(30)     information about the what, the where,

and the when.  Such experiments cannot,

however, reveal whether the birds were

            reexperiencing the past when retrieving the

information.  Clayton acknowledged this by

using the term “episodic-like” memory.

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Q10:

In order for Clayton’s experiment to show that scrub jays have episodic-like memory, which of the following must be true in the experiment?

for retrieval later during periods of food

(20)   scarcity.

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