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之前大家对揽瓜阁精读的反馈很好，就想着自己的时间开始把一些精读的文章根据JJ出题目～ 然后focus上线，IR需求 大家也大。就想着 把揽瓜阁的阅读 逻辑 IR 都放在这贴里打卡
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1.CR
Red dwarf stars are much more abundant in our galaxy than sun-like stars and have lifespans of hundreds of billions of years, significantly longer than the sun's expected lifespan of around 10 billion years. These characteristics suggest that red dwarf star systems may be more stable environments for the development of advanced life forms compared to solar systems like our own.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument that red dwarf star systems are more likely to support advanced life forms than other star systems?
A. Red dwarf stars have much lower surface temperatures compared to the sun, which could limit the habitable zones around them.
B. The proportion of planets orbiting red dwarf stars that are capable of supporting life is significantly higher than for other types of stars in the galaxy.
C. The extended lifespans of red dwarf stars may allow for the evolution of advanced life forms that outlive the stars they orbit.
D. Planets orbiting red dwarf stars are likely to be tidally locked, with one side always facing the star, which could result in extreme temperature variations.
E. Apart from sun-like stars and red dwarfs, a certain type of star accounts for a significant portion of the stars in our galaxy.
Scientists have discovered that Mercury's core is composed of lighter elements than previously thought, based on the planet's rotational speed. They hypothesize that a significant portion of Mercury's core may be made up of sulfur, which is much lighter than the iron and nickel that typically make up planetary cores.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the scientists' hypothesis about the composition of Mercury's core?
A. Recent observations suggest that Mercury's core is smaller than initially estimated.
B. Scientists have detected the presence of sulfur in the cores of other terrestrial planets.
C. During the formation of the universe, light elements such as sulfur were abundant in the region where Mercury formed.
D. The presence of a magnetic field around Mercury indicates that its core is at least partially molten.
E. Spectroscopic analysis of Mercury's surface has revealed traces of sulfur-containing compounds.
答案
BC
2.RC
Although we know the diameters of Pluto and Charon individually, their orbital characteristics tell us only the total mass of the system. In practice, this is not too much of a handicap. If the two objects have the same density, we can find this by dividing the total mass by the combined volume. Even if they do not have the same density, the answer must be close to the actual density of Pluto, because it contributes seven-eighths of the volume of the system, and presumably the major proportion of the mass.
Buieand Tholen found that Pluto turns out to be close to twice as dense as water. This came as a surprise, for two reasons. Spectra of Pluto had shown that its surface is coated with methane, and solid methane has a low density. If Pluto were made entirely of frozen methane it would have a density Littlemore than half that of water.
Astronomers have also found that, in general, the density of the solid worlds in the Solar System decreases with distance from the Sun. The four inner planets (including the Earth) are made of rock and iron, and are four or five times as dense as water. The outer planets themselves are made largely of gases, so are not a fair comparison. But the Voyager spacecraft have measured the densities of their satellites, several of which are larger than Pluto. The main satellites of Jupiter are between two and three times as dense as water. These worlds contain less rock than the inner planets, with much of their bulk consisting of frozen water: some of Saturn’s moons are virtually pure ice.
So astronomers had placed their bets on a Pluto composed mainly of either water ice or methane ice: but it must be made largely of rock. William McKinnon, of Washington University in Saint Louis, Missouri, and Steve Mueller of the Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas, have investigated in more detail. They had already built theoretical models of the satellites of Jupiter and Saturn, tailoring the inner structure to fit the densities and other measurements made by the Voyager probes. In the case of Pluto, they find that three-quarters of its material must be rock. Most of the rest is water ice, with about one-third of the ice turning to water. As a result, the rock sank to the center. Surrounding this rocky core today is a mantle of water ice, with some methane trapped in the surface layers.
1. The passage implies that the primary reason for the initial speculation about Pluto's composition was:
A. the presence of methane on Pluto's surface, which has a low density
B. the trend of decreasing density among solid worlds with increasing distance from the Sun
C. the lack of direct measurements of Pluto's density by the Voyager spacecraft
D. the theoretical models of Pluto's internal structure proposed by McKinnon and Mueller
E. the similarity in density between Pluto and the satellites of Jupiter and Saturn
2. Which of the following, if true, would most strongly challenge the conclusion drawn by Buie and Tholen about Pluto's density?
A. The spectra of Pluto's surface reveal the presence of additional low-density compounds.
B. The Voyager spacecraft discover a new satellite of Pluto with a density similar to that of water.
C. McKinnon and Mueller's theoretical models of Pluto's internal structure are found to be based on inaccurate assumptions.
D. The combined volume of Pluto and Charon is found to be significantly larger than previously estimated.
E. The orbital characteristics of the Pluto-Charon system are revised, indicating a lower total mass for the system.
3. The author's discussion of the Voyager spacecraft's measurements of the densities of Jupiter's and Saturn's satellites serves to:
A. provide evidence for the decreasing density trend among solid worlds with distance from the Sun
B. highlight the advanced capabilities of the Voyager spacecraft in measuring the densities of distant objects
C. suggest that the satellites of Jupiter and Saturn have a similar composition to that of Pluto
D. emphasize the unexpected nature of Pluto's high density in comparison to other solid worlds in the outer Solar System
E. support the accuracy of Buie and Tholen's determination of Pluto's density
4. According to the passage, which of the following statements about the composition of the solid worlds in the Solar System is most accurate?
A. The inner planets are composed mainly of rock and iron, while the outer planets are composed of gases.
B. The density of solid worlds consistently decreases with increasing distance from the Sun.
C. The satellites of Jupiter and Saturn are composed entirely of water ice.
D. Pluto's composition is unique among the solid worlds in the Solar System, with a higher proportion of rock than expected.
E. The composition of solid worlds in the Solar System is determined solely by their distance from the Sun.
5. The findings of McKinnon and Mueller regarding Pluto's internal structure suggest that:
A. Pluto's rocky core formed as a result of the gravitational settling of denser materials
B. the presence of water on Pluto's surface is due to the melting of the subsurface water ice
C. the methane in Pluto's surface layers originated from the planet's rocky core
D. Pluto's internal structure is similar to that of the terrestrial planets in the inner Solar System
E. the proportion of rock in Pluto's interior is lower than that in the satellites of Jupiter and Saturn
6. The passage suggests that the most likely explanation for the presence of methane on Pluto's surface is:
A. the outgassing of methane from Pluto's rocky core
B. the photochemical processing of nitrogen in Pluto's atmosphere
C. the condensation of methane gas from the solar nebula during Pluto's formation
D. the trapping of methane in the surface layers of Pluto's water ice mantle
E. the impact of methane-rich comets on Pluto's surface
7. Based on the information provided in the passage, which of the following can be inferred about the relationship between a solid world's density and its internal structure?
A. A higher density always indicates a greater proportion of rock in a solid world's interior.
B. The internal structure of a solid world can be determined with certainty based on its density alone.
C. The density of a solid world is not affected by the presence of surface ices or atmospheres.
D. The internal structure of a solid world can be inferred from its density, but additional evidence is required for confirmation.
E. The density of a solid world is determined entirely by its distance from the Sun, regardless of its internal structure.
8. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?
A. Pluto's density is unusually high compared to other solid worlds in the outer Solar System, challenging previous assumptions about its composition.
B. The Voyager spacecraft's measurements of the densities of Jupiter's and Saturn's satellites provide crucial evidence for understanding Pluto's density.
C. McKinnon and Mueller's theoretical models offer the most accurate description of Pluto's internal structure and composition.
D. The composition of solid worlds in the Solar System is primarily determined by their distance from the Sun, with inner planets being denser than outer ones.
E. The presence of methane on Pluto's surface is the main reason for astronomers' initial expectations of the planet's low density.
BDDDADDA
3.DI
The Interstellar Black Hole Exploration Review Board (IBHERB) has been established by the Global Space Research Coalition (GSRC) to ensure the safety, scientific value, and ethical conduct of black hole exploration missions. As humanity stands on the brink of a new era of cosmic discovery, the IBHERB plays a crucial role in guiding the future of black hole research and exploration.
The board consists of five specialized committees, each tasked with evaluating different aspects of mission proposals:
1. Scientific Objectives and Research Methodology: Assesses the scientific merit, feasibility, and potential impact of proposed black hole exploration missions.
2. Technological Feasibility and Risk Assessment: Evaluates the technological readiness, reliability, and risk mitigation strategies of proposed missions.
3. Safety Protocols and Contingency Planning: Ensures that missions have robust safety measures and contingency plans in place to protect human life and equipment.
4. Ethical Considerations and Public Engagement: Examines the ethical implications of black hole exploration and promotes public understanding and engagement.
5. Long-term Sustainability and Collaborative Efforts: Assesses the long-term viability and collaborative potential of proposed missions, promoting international cooperation and resource sharing.
To ensure the highest standards of safety and scientific integrity, mission proposals must be approved by all five committees. Committees 1, 2, and 3, which deal with the most critical aspects of mission planning and execution, require unanimous votes for approval. Committees 4 and 5, which focus on ethical and sustainability issues, allow for one dissenting vote.
In recent years, the IBHERB has certified several groundbreaking missions that promise to revolutionize our understanding of black holes and the fundamental nature of the universe:
1. The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration: This global network of radio telescopes aims to capture the first-ever image of the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy, providing unprecedented insights into the extreme environment surrounding these cosmic giants.
2. The Gravitational Wave Observatory Network: By detecting and analyzing gravitational waves from binary black hole mergers, this mission seeks to unveil the secrets of gravity and shed light on the population and evolution of black holes throughout the universe.
3. The Black Hole Explorer Probe: This ambitious mission will send a fleet of autonomous spacecraft to study stellar-mass black holes in the Local Group of galaxies, investigating their properties, formation, and interactions with their cosmic surroundings.
However, not all mission proposals have met the IBHERB's rigorous standards. The Singularity Seeker mission, which aimed to send a probe into a black hole's event horizon, was rejected due to concerns over technological feasibility and the extreme risks involved.
As black hole exploration pushes the boundaries of human knowledge and understanding, the IBHERB also grapples with profound philosophical and ethical questions. The board has established a dedicated committee to explore issues such as the nature of information, time, and the implications of black hole research for humanity's place in the universe.
To ensure that black hole exploration proceeds in an ethically responsible manner, the IBHERB has developed a framework emphasizing scientific integrity, transparency, and public engagement. The board sponsors public forums and debates on the philosophical and ethical dimensions of black hole research, fostering open dialogue and shared responsibility for the future of cosmic exploration.
As the IBHERB continues to refine its evaluation criteria and engage with the scientific community and the public, its work will shape the trajectory of black hole exploration for generations to come. By upholding the highest standards of safety, scientific rigor, and ethical conduct, the board aims to ensure that the knowledge gained from the study of black holes is not only transformative but also deeply meaningful, resonating with the hopes and aspirations of all who seek to unravel the mysteries of the universe.
Questions:
1. What is the primary goal of the Interstellar Black Hole Exploration Review Board (IBHERB)?
A) To fund black hole exploration missions
B) To ensure the safety, scientific value, and ethical conduct of black hole exploration missions
C) To develop new technologies for black hole exploration
D) To promote public interest in black hole exploration
2. Which of the following is NOT one of the five specialized committees of the IBHERB?
A) Scientific Objectives and Research Methodology
B) Technological Feasibility and Risk Assessment
C) Mission Budgeting and Financial Planning
D) Ethical Considerations and Public Engagement
3. For a mission proposal to be approved by the IBHERB, how many committees must vote in favor of the proposal?
A) At least three committees
B) At least four committees
C) All five committees
D) Only Committees 1, 2, and 3
4. Which of the following missions was rejected by the IBHERB due to concerns over technological feasibility and extreme risks?
A) The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration
B) The Gravitational Wave Observatory Network
C) The Black Hole Explorer Probe
D) The Singularity Seeker mission
5. The IBHERB's dedicated committee on philosophical and ethical questions explores issues such as:
A) The nature of information and time in relation to black holes
B) The implications of black hole research for humanity's place in the universe
C) The potential for black holes to serve as gateways to other dimensions
D) Both A and B
6. The IBHERB's framework for ethically responsible black hole exploration emphasizes all of the following EXCEPT:
A) Scientific integrity
B) Transparency
C) Public engagement
D) Prioritizing speed of discovery over safety
7. How does the IBHERB engage with the public regarding black hole exploration?
A) By limiting public access to information about black hole exploration missions
B) By conducting closed-door meetings with selected members of the public
C) By sponsoring public forums and debates on the philosophical and ethical dimensions of black hole research
D) By publishing highly technical reports that are difficult for the general public to understand
8. The Black Hole Explorer Probe mission aims to study which type of black holes?
A) Supermassive black holes
B) Stellar-mass black holes
C) Intermediate-mass black holes
D) Primordial black holes
9. The IBHERB's work is essential for shaping the future of black hole exploration by:
A) Upholding the highest standards of safety, scientific rigor, and ethical conduct
B) Ensuring that the knowledge gained from black hole research is transformative and meaningful
C) Resonating with the hopes and aspirations of those seeking to unravel the mysteries of the universe
D) All of the above
10. Which of the following best describes the long-term impact of the IBHERB's work on black hole exploration?
A) It will prioritize technological advancements over scientific discovery
B) It will limit international collaboration and resource sharing
C) It will shape the trajectory of black hole exploration for generations to come
D) It will focus solely on the economic benefits of black hole research
1. B
2. C
3. C
4. D
5. D
6. D
7. C
8. B
9. D
10. C
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发表于 2024-6-28 08:08:33
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