我的OG逻辑分类总结(有关方法和错误选项特征分析)

momoyu · 发表于 2005-10-15 01:15:00

欢迎热烈讨论

先贴上assumption, excel file也一并上传了

方法
1>	取非--> weaken推理过程或结论的,则为assumption, 针对谓语动词取非,主要用来论证检查	ETS几乎每题都是用取非来解的
2>	选项本身可以support	103: tax do nothing, which agrees with the conclusion, 104: the government will ensure higher tax rate won't lead to evasion, therefore directly support that the vicious cycle won't take place
3>	relevance	几乎每题都可以用来排除选项,再用其他方法论证正确选项
4>	assumption 是唯一的方法	8- lobbist the only way to make a livinghood
		167: lower level staffs are the only information source for chief management
5>	bridge the gap between two causes which lead to the same result, or link the cause and result to set up a complete reasoning	21
	一般此时原因和结果明显跳跃	195: no tax deduction for donation --> charity difficulty: gap between deduction and charity should be linked by donation
6>	A=C--> B=C, assumption A=B, 架桥	36
	A=B --> A=C, assumption B=C	171
7>	A--> B, not because B --> A, 此法也可以用取非证明, 因为如果B--> A, then weaken A-->B	48
8>	方法-->目的，需要假设方法可行性	123: advance in quality is possible
		130: depositors are able to identify which bank is secure in order to be selective
		163: interview --> goal: eliminate unsuitable candidate, assumption: interview can identify who is not suitable
9>	get a conclusion from average ratio, assume there's no extreme case which deteriorate the applicability or representative of average level	139: average level 5% --> a person 50:1, applicable to every one, assume there's no georgraphic difference


错误选项
1>	无关内容,无关比较	36:physical treatment is similar for both physical and mental diseases
2>	leave open the possibility, 因为assumption需要support, 若可以中立,则不起support 的作用	63: manager can use either intuitive or step-by-step
		160: evaluate whether the candidate is uitable or not
3>	只是重复信息，没有support的作用	63: manager use intuitive when dealing with his daily life decision
4>	因果倒置	48: airport cannot deal with airplane without rador, not plane without rador are forced to outlaying airports
		123: quality raises customer expectation, while B: anticipate expectation rather than form the expectation by development of quality
5>	绝对化的字眼(only, solely, etc)或所说的内容不且代表性( a few, some …etc )
6>	give some relevant information but cannot draw the conclusion without additional information	171

momoyu · 发表于 2005-10-15 01:54:00

新鲜出炉的weaken,明天再贴上support

忘记说了,右栏是举例和解释,格式有点难看,对不起大家了.

方法
I	*方法--> 目的型*
a）	方法--> 目的, weaken if achieve the goal with or without that method	7: defrosting vent --> ice welt, Weaken: no attempt to defrost ---> melt at the same rate
		93: contamined toothbrush --> to avoid sick, while the same likelihood to get sick with contamined or not contamined tooth brosh
		198: a same level of cost reduction achieved without the new production
b）	证明方法事与愿违 A not --> B(target)	70: cut down wage --> obtain competitive advantage. Actually lower wage --> lower quality and lower sales
		132: use smoke hoods --> prevent death in accidents. Actually extended time spent on wear the hoods increase the risk of dead
		141: recruit experience people --> save cost, actually experienced people higher salary --> not save cost
		157: replace keyboard--> reduce cost. Actually replacement --> training cost increase
		178.abolish patent to new drugs --> improve access to new drugs. Actually, no patent, no new drugs = reduced access
b)-1	现象解释 the base of the argument leads to the opposite of the conclusion	201 large investment in road investment --> adequate road system. Actuall such a large investment proves in adequancy
b)-2	方法有不利的副作用,此处不利是指和conclusion不同	136: Method of less issues to cut down cost --> avoid profit decline. While the method also --> lower revenue --> profit decline
		176: replace by skybus --> more efficiently turnover of flight. While skybus will result in delay which netoff its higher efficiency
		183: strict environmental control --> higher cost, higher price therefore lower export. While strict environmental control has another imapct on increased demand of machinery--> opposite impact to boost export
		200
c）	There're better choices to meet the same target	5. decrease cost --> participate. Weaken by there's other better choices to decrease the cost
		110. need A to repair S--> keep A. while if there's a cheap and better option to replace instead of repair, no need to keep A
		186: use more offshore --> reduce risk, while tanker are less risky. Therefore this is a better choice to achieve the goal
		193
d）	meet the goal by change a variable, weaken by prove the change of variable has no effect to achieve the target	2: change birthplace from L to H for a longer life expectacy, the change of birthplace has no effect because the life expectacy depends on genetical factors
		101: change light intensity --> change in biological cycle, while constance light intensity --> still change in cycle.
e）	方法-->解决问题，weaken方法effectiveness, such as possibility to circumvent	112:weaken the effectiveness by provide method to circumvent
f)	方法-->目的，而方法是取消或禁止，则证明该方法是达到目的前提或基础假设，不可以没有	178. abolish patent to new drugs --> improve access to new drugs. Actualln, no patent, no new drugs
		180
g)	the method is not feasible	194: offer free rental --> boost sales of electrical car. The plan will add considerable cost to already high price --> not feasible

II	*因果关系型*
a）	因果关系中，直接否定条件或原因	14: not harm others --> seat belt is personal decision. While it does harm others, the assumption or prerequsite does not valid
		93: plane is better because it's more flexible than train. Weaken if plane is no more flexible than train. 否定原因
		141: because safest chair is heaviest --> airline use safest chair overweight security over cost. While safest chair is not heavist, 否定原因
b)	找到其他因素可以使原因不发生	125：RM cost decrease-->price decrease, imply that because cost decrease so price decrease. The answer proves the total cost does not decrease as processing cost increase net off the lower RM cost.
c)	因果关系中，直接否定结果	105: conclusion - no economic justification, weaken by prove that there's economic reason
		106: more customer buy earlier engine --> no consideration about safety. While actually, because customer care safety, they buy the earlier engine
d)	因果关系，异因同果，则weaken原因	A-->B, actually no A --> B
		131. insurance --> higher bank failure rate, actually, no insurance --> still higher bank failure , same result
e)	同因异果则weaken该因果关系	9: shy and active in night --> bat are feared. While samely shy and active in night --> raccoons and owls are not feared
f)	因果倒置 A-->B, actually B--> A	137: different cycle --> unhappy marriage, Actually unhappy marriage --> different cycle

III	断桥法break the bridge: A--> B--> C, break A-->B, then A cannot --> C	12: remove restriction--> lawyer advertise and charged lower fees --> overall fees decrease. If lawyer advertise but not charged lower fee. Removal of restriction does not result in lower fees. Lawyer decrease fee is the bridge which was broken

IV	他因削弱alternative explanation （尤其当原推理过程中原因有唯一性时）	29: conclusion entirely A-->B, while another reason C-->B, thus C weaken that A is the only reason
	A --> B, while actually also C --> B, thus weaken A -->B	41: campaign --> more people take bus; less road available --> take bus
		81: failure control --> price drop while production increase also --> price decrease
		146, 163,203
V	Attack the base or assumption
a)	attack the validity of the assumption or reasoning bases	原推理过程暗含assumption，则证明该假设不成立，则原推理过程 weaken. , 29: assumption all the patients are accurately diagnosed --> this assumption is false , then the reasoning is weakened. (另:68)
		147 a counter prediction
a)-1	by giving another explanation	182: implements resemble Maya --> maya settlement. The resmble may be Maya copy from its earlier inhabitants, not C copy Maya
a)-2	reasoning base 本身有flaw	187: reasoning 偷换概念 class --> all the cars available
b)	weaken the reliability of the survey or base	52: low usage in survey result --> conclude not much use; actual use > survey. Integrity
		157: the reliability of records is weaken because different definition of accident is adopted by two companies --imcomparable
		191: trial results are based on the top staffs --> the sample is not representative for all the staffs -- Representativeness
c)	the assumption or cause is not feasible	64: because small mills can take orders from big mills which are previous taken by foreign companies---> import quota can help small mills. While actually it is not possible for small mills to take such orders
		78: conclusion: young children do not think intention as relevant to punishment. While they are unable to justify whether the harm is done intentionally or not.
		102: food allergy --> headache, unable to identify what are the foods

VI	举出反例,直接weaken conclusion，不用多，只要一个反例就weaken	conclusion: arrive South earlier than North, any evidence support arrive North earlier can weaken --> some sites are predates
		speculate: silence. Fact: encourage
		191，196
	A+B-->C, while if only A-->C, then weaken A+B together are necessary	61: perception of slower growth + deficiet --> devaluation, while actually only perception leads to devaluation.
		113: the method does not mitigate the cause of the problem
	the conclusion is wrong by rasing other potential factors	188: conclusion: less accidents during peak season, while there's other factor which may lead to more accident

错误选项
1>	只是重复信息，没有weaken的作用，或additional information is not conflict or affect the assessment
2>	rules out an alternative explaination排除他因,经常看上去也像无关选项	29-B: there's no difference in consumption of bottled-water
		41-A: higher fair --> rules out alternative explaination that the lower fair attracts public to take bus. C --> rules out the possibility that more people take bus because more buses are avilable. E: rules out the possiblity that it is because the service are more staisfactory which attract people
		144: D same applicability between the two engines. E - same price. Therefore price and applicability is not the reason why customer favour old model instead of the new one
3>	raise some potential problem but not convice that these problem is worse or better than the current performance or whether this problem cannot be solved	These kind of choices are not as strong as the choices which brings out a definitely worse effect (31)
4>	反向干扰, 给出的是支持	52: conclude customer not frequently use based on low usage obtained during survey. Wrong answer: actual usage is even less--> support the conclusion of low usage
5>	举例不具有代表性	52: people fequently jogging make take other sports often as well. --> these people are not representative for the total population that the generlization is talking about.
6>	support the assumption or the feasibility of the method	70-C: cut down wage --> achieve competitive advantage. C tells it is possible to cut down wage as the wage is higher than the competitive. Therefore support instead of weaken
7>	leave open possibility	conclusion A-->B, answer: A assemble C, but there's no information about C-->B, therefore, leave open possibility that it can weaken can support
8>	无关	For weaken, sometimes the right answer can be irrelevant, such as alternative explanation. The key is to justify whether this information do affect the reasoning and conclusion, and whether they are talking abou the same issue
9>	solutoin --> problem	fail to prove the relationship that the solution can mitigate the problem
		or just provide information but not solution
		raise weakness which are not pointing to the problem. 114-- the problem is abscent rate, while some wrong answers talk about lunch break, productivity etc
10>	give examples of other negative impact due from the reason or the method raised, but these negative does not weaken the reasoning	180: cut down trees along the bank in order to get more water available. D-- the land is special which do not suitable to grow corps if trees are cut down. This can support not to cut down the trees, but this does not weaken the conclusion that if cut down the trees, more water will be available

fengreal_2000 · 发表于 2005-10-15 12:07:00

谢谢。学到很多。

chyyoung780 · 发表于 2005-10-15 15:15:00

這對我剛要整理有很大幫助阿

zx_nju · 发表于 2005-10-15 16:15:00

great job!

momoyu · 发表于 2005-10-16 01:01:00

let's talk about support today:

Support

方法
I	方法--> 目的
a)	方法有助于达到目的	3: move from L to H --> long life expectancy. Support if H is more favor longevity
		74: take natural food is better than cereals --> goal: obtain vitamin supplements. Natural food help to make vitamine more useable to body
		165: purchase scrap iron abroad --> benefit like save foreign exchange reserve
	or can prove why the method is necessary	129: extend patent period --> as the long period has to wait before the drug can be marketed makes the extention necessary
b)	方法address了主要问题,对症下药(remove the cause)	23: ground transportation between 200-500 --> solve airport congestion at a lower cost. This plan address most travellers as majority travel at 225 ( within the range)
		34: higher tuition --> lost enrollement. The solution to reduce the tuition back to the previous lower value address the problem
		37: reduction in private plane without radar --> reduce collision, if such planes are the major cause of the collision, then the plan address the cause
c)	选择最佳方案. If everything is the same except in one aspect, the one has the best performance in that aspect is the best option, such as the one with the least total false results	87: best test --> test for a disease. If the performances of all methods are the same for false negative results, therefore the one with least false positive results is the best one -- because this is the one with the least total false results
d)	prove the method really achieve the goal	126

II	因果关系型
a)	corroborative evidence: A --> B, support the reasoning by citing a fact agrees with A,	17: not satisfactory working condition --> staffing shortage, while the actual agrees with the cause cited
	sometimes, such answer would sounds like repeat the conclusion	50:??system --> crashes, convincing evidence that such system do cause more crashes
	A--> B, support by B--> A, 说明两命题等价（但并不是所有的原命题和你命题等价，这里只是做为一种strenghten 的工具)	55: craft with practical use --> not art. Consitent statement that : not an art --> if with practical use
b)	排除他因, support原因的唯一性	159: ingredient of the sweetner --> cognitive ability. D: eliminate the alternative cause such as there's difference between the two group before the experiment
		184

III	绝对数，相对数或比例的正确理解, 特别是题目有关effectiveness 这类经常用的是比例的概念，要找出合理的因素使比例往需要的方向变动	28: effectiveness of A.D = a/n ( a -- number of A.D remembered, n - number of A.D in one cluster) if n increase the ratio decrease

IV	架桥	32: squeeze of satellites --> continue increase of cost, gap can be bridged if: squeeze --> more performance demands on remained satellites --> more likely to breakdown --> higher premium which is due to more claims
	A--> B, C--> B, bridge A --> C,此时经常可以用关键词定位答案	60: A-->B =routine use of antibiotics --> resistent bacteria. C-->B = meat --> reistent bacteria in people. Therefore if there's relationship between A and C, that is if meat routine use antibiotics, the reasoning is established.
	key word: in today's world	124: direct relevant to today's world --> attract students. Plan to emphasize on principles involved in producing …. --> attract students. Therefore, need to link the plan with the key factor to attract students. So E-- those emphasized prinicples are of

V	*现象--> 结论*
a)	A-->B, further strenghten A by citing more convincing facts support the reasoning	35: general success or good achievement by diversity in work force --> this is a good practise. Further information to convince the cause-effect relationship between diversity and business success support the reasoning
		53: high temperature --> fish reproduction cycle, fish in area with high temperature do reproduce which is a convincing example
b)	直接加强结论	66: different bower style --> bower style is cultrally acquired. Evidence that little bowerbird spent years watching their elders is convincing the conclusion directly
c)	加强证明现象的确存在	89: payment is needed to assist laid off staffs --> automation will not save cost. Strenghten that the phenomenon of unemployed staffs do exist and need assistence
		140


VI	看似support实为weaken,所以当weaken题来做，问题中经常会有否定词,如：most strongly support that the plan cannot …, or the content to be support is negative	121: most strongly support the claim (no promotion --> more profit) = most strongly weaken the promotion as a method to boost the profit
		134:??which strongly support the view that it would not be advisable to… = weaken the proposed method

错误选项
	给出的是反对理由	23-A: ground transportation to be a cheap alternative, while the fact given is about mass cost
1>	该方法已经存在，且没有evidence to support that it can achieve the goal	23-D: the ground transportation already exists
2>	无关
3>	要解决的问题在给出的方法范围之外或与issue无关，所以不起作用	23-C: propose ground transportation between 200-500, while actually, majority travellers to somewhere >600, therefore the plan cannot solve the major problem
a)	无关或给出的信息不影响推理,没有和推理中的元素link起来	50: temperature --> fish reproduction. B-- breeding area has nothing to do with the temperature
b)		66-E: song diralects has nothing to do with the bower building.
	比较双方的分类错-->无关比较	74: natural food > breakfast cereal. E: breakfast cereal Vs. cereal without vitamine suppliements
c)
	混淆相对数和绝对数的概念，或者没有表达出变动趋势而只是绝对水平	32: conclusion is about the cost will continue to increase, while A: insurance is very high --> not about the increase trend
4>		82: overall market is expanding while the Company's market share decreased, the absolute sales volume is still likely to increase
	现象解释，答案和题目中的现象相反	53: temperature decreased after the consturction of the bam while C: the temperature increased which is the opposite
5>	偷换概念	55-E: change the concept of practical value --> money value
6>		109-D: the question is about reject a job applicant, while the answer is talking about the employee. The two are not identical.
	self-defending is weak	60-E: livestock producer claim that the resistent bacteria cannot be transmitted to people through meat. ( defending without solid ground)
7>	如果涉及时间如考古类的题，则给出的时间一定要和问题所指的时间一致，如问题是具体某年，而答案是一段时间且没有其他信息可以进一步确定年份的话，为错误选项	82-A: preceding and following A.D 365, C: in the centry between A.D300-400; E- after A.D365都无法做到准确定位到exactly A.D365

maoliu · 发表于 2005-10-16 03:26:00

我一直都不太会做逻辑题,错的总比对的多,实在是很受挫,,,,,

很谢谢你的总结

cwase · 发表于 2005-10-16 22:15:00

先给LZ加油！

建议LZ再多多练习。真题常有变换，上面的规律要举一反三。

加油

momoyu · 发表于 2005-10-17 00:44:00

是的同意,GMAT没有定律,我们可以做的只是熟悉一种思路,但具体做题的时候还是一定要case by case的认真分析.我在SC上就吃了苦头,正在尽力摆脱中

Today's topoic is flaw

Flaw
1	This kind of questions are more flexible, but in most cases, you can??treat it in a similar way of "WEAKEN", especially those method to weaken the assumption of the reasoning, the cause of the reasoning. attack the reasoning base
2	有的题就像是support or weaken题中的错误选项，你要做的就是说出它为什么错了e.g OG181
方法
I	通过绝对数比较下定性结论。一定要换算到合理的相对比例才可以	16: Compare absolute number of death --> more dangerous in overseas than in domestic --> should compare the death rate rather than the total number of deaths
	偷换概念 --> point out the change of concepts	26: "average weight" --> "average weight gain"

II	Flaw: go to a conclusion without solid ground --> method is similar to weaken by prove the base is not convincing 推理依据无说服力或力度不够	44: 60% favour --> no sex discrimination, while 60% is not a solid evidence to ensure there's no sex discrimination.

III	推理所举的事实的确存在也合理，可是与题干的主角没关系 not applicable or irrelevant, 类似断桥，把subject in question 和evidence 的关系断开--推理的依据就不会发生	47: overall increase in qualifed applicants --> increase need of faculties for N.C university. While actually less applicants will apply the university, so the increase in applicants has nothing to do with the university in question.

VI	方法--> 目的，the flaw lies in the feasibility or the most critical factor of the method is not available
	或该方法的可行性基于一些假设，而这些假设不成立	59

V	证明其推理过程考虑不够全面, there're other factors should be taken into consideration	65: Not only quantity but also quality should be considered when measuring the productivity. (另204)
	questionable assumption - 取非	73:Reasoning is: flawless production --> eliminate bottlenecks and delays. If 取非= with flaw in production, there may be no impact on the production process.
IV	samples are purposely selected rather than representative	128: samples --> conclusion. While the sample may be purposely selected in order to suppor the author's opinion


错误选项
I	wrong ratio, or still stick to the absolute amount or absolute difference
II	irrelevant information - unlike weaken sometimes irrelevant information do have a weaken effect. While for flaw, irrelevant is wrong as it has nothing to do with the reasoning process	47: increase in qualified applicants --> hire more faculties for courses taken by freshmen. A -- advance degree; B -- extracurricular activities and sports; C-- live in foreign country; D -- what is their major. All these have nothing to do with the freshmen courses or the need of faculties
III	nonsense
VI	the answer is not focus on the reasoning process, especially the base of the conclusion	128: the conclusion is based on the samples. While B-- other criteria …, C -- title of the book; D -- the current skill requirement; E--reader's reaction. All the four are not about the samples

momoyu · 发表于 2005-10-17 00:45:00

再零星地说几句evaluation and fill

Evaluation
题型
1>	Give you the cause, ask you to evaluate a method to test whether the cause is really the reason	相关词定位，正确答案一定有涉及所给出的原因或是改写或是运用了所提的方法 -OG42, 51
2>	similar to support and weaken, but the answer is open possibility but get information to judge	may test by raise a question focus on the cause - 85
3>	Give you the method and goal,evaluate the effectiveness of the method	97: screen out the least relevant question--the one not relative to the method, goal and will not address any concern for the two parties involved
4>	ask for information to establish a meaningful comparison --> conclusion	usually it wil be a comparison between ratios. So you should make it clear for what is the ratio a/b, what does it stand for, and look for information accordingly.
		155: a - women students, b - total student
		you've already got the information about the change of women students, so what you need is information about total student, or men student will do --> D

Fill
Actually it's just a different present of other common questions
题型
1>	ask for a method to achieve a goal
	- similar to support	6: similar to support, to find a method make the goal achievable
	- similar to weaken	22: similar to weaken to tell why a method is not effective in achieve the goal,
	- similar to flaw	62: a method to avoid excessively restrictive control = excessively restrictive is exactly the flaw of the wrong answers
2>	ask for cause for a conclusion	1: similar to support, find out a reasonable cause
3>	examplify a conclusion/theory -- similar to support,to raise examples to support the conclusion.	38: defend what already have = try to make better slide rules rather than initiate new products such as electronic calculators
		75: exemplify the theory of "high risk, high return" higher risk = unsecured loans, higher return = higher interest rate
4>	interpretate the theory introduced	58: rise in living standard + balance trading = answer

我的OG逻辑分类总结(有关方法和错误选项特征分析)

我的OG逻辑分类总结(有关方法和错误选项特征分析)

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