TN9 biological science-短
The term "episodic memory" was introduced byTulving to refer to [what he considered a uniquely human capacity (—theability to recollect specific past events, to travel back into the past inone's own mind—) [as distinct from the capacity simply to use informationacquired through past experiences]. Subsequently, Clayton et al. developed criteriato test for episodic memory in animals. According to these criteria, episodic memories are not of individual bitsof information; theyinvolve multiple components of a single event "bound"together. Clayton sought to examine evidence of scrub jays' accurate memory of "what,""where," and "when" information and theirbinding of this information.实验目的 In the wild, these birdsstore food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity. Clayton's experiment requiredjays to remember the type, location, and freshness of stored foodbased on a unique learning event. Crickets were stored in one location andpeanuts in another. Jays prefer crickets, but crickets degrade more quickly.Clayton's birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts [once thefood had been stored for a certain length of time], showing that they retaininformation about the what, the where, and the when. Such experiments cannot, however, reveal [whether the birds were re-experiencingthe past (when retrieving the information)]. Clayton acknowledged this (by usingthe term "episodic-like" memory).
逻辑：
T有“episodic memory”的理论。C developed criteria在动物中测试“episodic memory”＋实验内容。However，结论：实验不能揭示动物是否有“episodic memory”(鸟reexperience未知→דepisodic memory”→"episodic-like" memory)
1. It can be inferred from the passage that both Tulving andClayton would agree with which of the following statements? 【inference】→形式逻辑一切从原文中来
A Animals' abilities to use informationabout a specific past event are not conclusive evidence of episodic memory. 单纯是C的观点
B Animals do not share humans' abilities toreexperience the past through memory.未知
C The accuracy of animals' memories isdifficult to determine through direct experimentation.无中生有
D Humans tend to recollect single bits ofinformation more accurately than do animals.
C的观点：episodic memories are not ofindividual bits of information
E The binding of different kinds ofinformation is not a distinctive feature of episodic memory.
E/A
2. The primary purpose of the passage is to 【main idea题】
A explain how the findings of a particularexperiment have been interpreted and offer an alternative interpretation
B describe a particular experiment andpoint out one of its limitations
C present similarities between human memoryand animal memory
D point out a flaw in the argument that acertain capacity is uniquely human
E account for the unexpected behavior ofanimal subjects in a particular experiment
B
3. According to the passage, part of theevidence that scrub jays can bind information is that they 【文中抽取信息的能力】找的是鸟bind information的evidence→需要能支撑bind信息的证据/例子
原文：hey retain information about the what,the where, and the when
A showed by their behavior that they were re-experiencingthe past 未知
B used information acquired through pastexperiences 文中在鸟part未提及past experience
C assessed the freshness of food that hadbeen stored by other jays 判断对象不对
D remembered what kind of food was storedin a particular location→ what，where
E recollected single bits of informationabout sources of food →开始C就说不是single而是bind together；与所找对象不同
D
4. According to the passage, Clayton'sexperiment depended on thefact that scrub jays
[特例
【逻辑信息】找的是实验依赖的fact→①实验的依据（一定是与实验有一定逻辑关系）②更实质的东西
A recall "when" and"where" information more distinctly than "what" information
无中生有；更主观不像fact
B are not able to retain information abouta single past event for an indefinitely long period of time 无中生有；更主观不像fact
C choose peanuts over crickets when thecrickets have been stored fora long period of time
原文：switched their preference from cricketsto peanuts [once the food had been stored for a certain length of time 信息不对
D choose crickets over peanuts wheneverboth are available
E prefer peanuts that have been stored fora short period to crickets that have been stored for a short period 无中生有
D/C
看下原文这句话：Clayton'sexperiment required jays to remember the type, location, and freshness ofstored food based on a unique learning event.
首先，知道测试的是鸟的这种能力（知道when,where,what）
C：当C被储存了很长一段时间后，选择P而不是C→体现what和when信息的结合
D：当两者都有时，选择C而不是P→体现了鸟的一般偏好（what）但没体现对信息的能力
D本身无法让这个鸟的能力在这个试验中就不能被证明出来，没有任何意义，所以要说实验所depend的fact，C选项更优
C应该有很多人像我一样细节题做多了，上来看到long period与原文a certain length of time不符，但是其实仔细想一下，C变质快，意味着无法长时间保存，common sense：蟋蟀在长时间就没法吃了，C也说得通。
5. It can be inferred that the author of the passage andClayton would both agree that 【inference】→形式逻辑一切从原文中来
A the food preferences of the scrub jays inClayton’s experiment are difficult to explain
实验没想去explain偏好
B the presence of episodic memory cannot beinferred solely on the basis of observable behavior
C Clayton’s experiment demonstrated thatscrub jays do not re-experience the past but do exhibit episodic-likememory 未知信息
D Tulving substantially underestimated theability of animals to bind different kinds of information 无中生有，T的观点只有一句话，且没有提及与animal有关的信息
E Clayton’s experiment had certainfundamental design flaws that make it difficult to draw any conclusions aboutscrub jay’s memories 实验有缺陷→无中生有
B
6. The passage suggests that Clayton's experimentdemonstrated scrub jays' ability to
A choose different storage places fordifferent kinds of food to minimize the rate at which a food will degrade 无中生有
B unlearn a behavior they use in the wildin order to adapt to laboratory conditions无中生有
C bind together information about differentaspects of a single past event→what，when，where
D re-experience a past event in memory andact accordingly无中生有
E distinguish one learning event from asubsequent learning event 未知信息
C
7. In order for Clayton’s experiment to show thatscrub jays have episodic-like memory, which of the following must be true in the experiment?【must be true】＋【逻辑：找前提】
实验证明鸟有episodic-like memory，哪项是必要的？
A Some of the jays retrieved stored peanutson the first occasion they were allowed to retrieve food.
B All the crickets were retrieved beforeany of the peanuts were.
all绝对化；后文在一段时间后的更偏好P，就说明有一部分C并没有在一定时间吃完
C The peanuts were stored further away thanthe crickets. 距离，无关
D When a jay attempted to retrieve acricket or a peanut, the jay was prevented from eating it. 无中生有啊啊啊，哪里说的哪里有提到9
E Throughout the experiment the jays werefed at levels typical of a time of scarcity.
A/E
原文：In the wild,these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity.
Crickets were stored inone location and peanuts in another
对照原文“In the wild,these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity. ”实验是需要模拟野外的状况的，所以就是控制变量也就是E中的“ fed at levels typical of a time ofscarcity.“
A选项本身可能是正确的，只能说明一些鸟对食物的偏好，但是不是实验的内容或前提，无法“in orderfor”
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发表于 2017-10-23 10:34:37
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