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最新GMAT机考真题总结（46道）
By Anchoret
很多朋友提出由于手头上的复习资料大多为笔考材料，希望能有一些机考实战的题目来训练机考感觉，由
此就产生了这份机考真题总结。感谢google陆续提供的新题， bjerik提供的GWD老师上课题3道，
Arthur提供的4道真题， Jackie 提供的1道语法，我把这些题和5月一次GMAT讲座中GWD老师提供
的9道真题结合在一起（有一题重复），希望对即将考试的朋友能有所帮助。
8/28/2003
最近一次更新于：10/23/2003
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Data Sufficiency:
1. If n is an integer and 2 < n < 6, what is the value of n?
(1) n is a factor of 15.
(2) n is a factor of 21.
2. Each of the 45 boxes on shelf J weighs less than each of the 44 boxes on shelf K. What is the
median weight of the 89 boxes on these shelves?
(1) The heaviest box on shelf J weighs 15 pounds.
(2) The lightest box on shelf K weighs 20 pounds.
3. Graduate students conduct marketing interview with several undergraduates. In each interview,
each graduate only interview one undergraduate. The total interviews conducted by graduate
students are same. Question: How many interviews have graduate students conducted?
(a) Each undergraduate student received 3 interviews.
(b) There are 25 undergraduate students.
文本框: A. Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
B. Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
C. BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
D. EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
E. Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient. Problem Solving:
1. If S is the sum of the reciprocals of the consecutive integers from 91 to 100, inclusive, which
of the following is less than S?
I. 1/8
II. 1/9
III. 1/10
A. None
B. I only
C. III only
D. II and III only
E. I, II, and III
2. On Saturday morning, Malachi will begin a camping vacation and he will return home at
the end of the first day on which it rains. If on the first three days of the vacation the
probability of rain on each day is 0.2, what is the probability that Malachi will return
home at the end of the day on the following Monday?
A. 0.008
B. 0.128
C. 0.488
D. 0.512
E. 0.640
3. If k is negative, which of the following must also be negative?
A. (-k)^2
B. (-1) k
C. 1 - k
D. k + 1
E. k - 1 Sentence Correction:
1. In Japan, a government advisory committee called for the breakup of Nippon Telephone and
Telegraph Company, the largest telephone company in the world, so it would be two local phone
companies and one long-distance provider.
A. In Japan, a government advisory committee called for the breakup of Nippon Telephone and
Telegraph Company, the largest telephone company in the world, so it would be
B. The breakup of the world’s largest telephone company, Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company,
was called for by a government advisory committee in Japan, so it would be
C. A government advisory committee in Japan called for the breakup of Nippon Telephone and
Telegraph Company, the world’s largest telephone company, into
D. The breakup of Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company, the world’s largest telephone company,
was called for by a government advisory committee in Japan, so it would be
E. Called for by a government advisory committee, the breakup of Nippon Telephone and Telegraph
Company in Japan, the world’s largest telephone company, was to be into
2. Charles Lindbergh, for his attempt at a solo transatlantic flight, was very reluctant to have
any extra weight on his plane, he therefore refused to carry even a pound of mail, despite being
offered $1,000 to do so.
A. Charles Lindbergh, for his attempt at a solo transatlantic flight, was very reluctant to have
any extra weight on his plane, he therefore
B. When Charles Lindbergh was attempting his solo transatlantic flight, being very reluctant to
have any extra weight on his plane, he
C. Since he was very reluctant to carry any extra weight on his plane when he was attempting his
solo transatlantic flight, so Charles Lindbergh
D. Being very reluctant to carry any extra weight on his plane when he attempted his solo
transatlantic flight was the reason that Charles Lindbergh
E. Very reluctant to have any extra weight on his plane when he attempted his solo transatlantic
flight, Charles Lindbergh
3. Humans have been damaging the environment for centuries by overcutting trees and farming too
intensively, and though some protective measures, like the establishment of national forests and
wildlife sanctuaries, having been taken decades ago, great increases in population and in the
intensity of industrialization are causing a worldwide ecological crisis.
A. though some protective measures, like the establishment of national forests and wildlife
sanctuaries, having been taken decades ago, great increases in population B. though some protective measures, such as the establishment of national forests and wildlife
sanctuaries, were taken decades ago, great increases in population
C. though some protective measures, such as establishing national forests and wildlife sanctuaries
having been taken decades ago, great population increases
D. with some protective measures, like establishing national forests and wildlife sanctuaries
that were taken decades ago, great increases in population
E. with some protective measures, such as the establishment of national forests and wildlife
sanctuaries, having been taken decades ago, great population increases
4. According to a survey of graduating medical students conducted by the Association of American
Medical Colleges, minority graduates are nearly four times more likely than are other graduates
in planning to practice in socioeconomically deprived areas.
A. minority graduates are nearly four times more likely than are other graduates in planning to
practice
B. minority graduates are nearly four times more likely than other graduates who plan on practicing
C. minority graduates are nearly four times as likely as other graduates to plan on practicing
D. it is nearly four times more likely that minority graduates rather than other graduates will
plan to practice
E. it is nearly four times as likely for minority graduates than other graduates to plan to practice
5. For protection from the summer sun, the Mojave lived in open-sided, flat-topped dwellings known
as shades, each a roof of poles and arrowweed supported by posts set in a rectangle.
A. each a roof of poles and arrowweed
B. each a roof of poles and arrowweed that are being
C. with each being a roof of poles and arrowweed
D. with roofs of poles and arrowweed to be
E. with roofs of poles and arrowweed that are
6. The Quechuans believed that all things participated in both the material level and the mystical
level of reality, and many individual Quechuans claimed to have contact with it directly with
an ichana (dream) experience.
A. contact with it directly with
B. direct contact with it by way of
C. contact with the latter directly through D. direct contact with the latter by means of
E. contact directly with the mystical level due to
7. The themes that Rita Dove explores in her poetry is universal, encompassing much of the human
condition while occasionally deals with racial issues.
A. is universal, encompassing much of the human condition while occasionally deals
B. is universal, encompassing much of the human condition, also occasionally it deals
C. are universal, they encompass much of the human condition and occasionally deals
D. are universal, encompassing much of the human condition while occasionally dealing
E. are universal, they encompass much of the human condition, also occasionally are dealing
8. Today’s technology allows manufacturers to make small cars more fuel-efficient now than at
any time in their production history.
A. small cars more fuel-efficient now than at any time in their
B. small cars that are more fuel-efficient than they were at any time in their
C. small cars that are more fuel-efficient than those at any other time in
D. more fuel-efficient small cars than those at any other time in their
E. more fuel-efficient small cars now than at any time in
9.Crises in international diplomacy do not always results from malice; for nations, like
individuals, can find themselves locked into difficult positions, unable to back down.
A. do not always results from malice; for nations, like individuals, can find
B. do not always results from malice; nations, just as individuals, finding
C. do not always results from malice; nations, such as individuals, can find
D. aren't always the results of malice; nations in the same way that individuals can find
E. aren't resulting always from malice; just like individuals who can find
10.Young female ballet dancers and gymnasts sometimes fail to maintain good eating habits caused
by the desire to be as thin as possible.
A. Young female ballet dancers and gymnasts sometimes fail to maintain good eating habits caused
by the desire to be as thin as possible B. Good eating habits sometimes fail to be maintained by young female ballet dancers and gymnasts
caused by desiring to be as thin as possible
C. Because they desire to be as thin as possible, good eating habits are sometimes not maintained
by young female ballet dancers and gymnasts
D. Because they desire to be as thin as possible, young female ballet dancers and gymnasts sometimes
fail to maintain good eating habits
E. Young female dancers and gymnasts sometimes fail to maintain good eating habits because they
desire to be as thin as possible
11.Since conscious patients often died of shock on the operating table, the invention of anesthesia
was essential to the development of surgery as the invention of the propeller was to powered fight.
A. the invention of anesthesia was essential to the development of surgery as the invention of
the propeller was to powered fight
B. inventing anesthesia was as essential for the development of surgery as the invention of the
propeller was for powered fight
C. the invention of anesthesia was as essential in the development of surgery much as the invention
of the propeller had been for powered fight
D. the invention of anesthesia was as essential to the development of surgery as the invention
of the propeller was to powered fight
E. the invention of anesthesia was essential to the development of surgery, so was the invention
of the propeller essential to powered fight
12. Sulfur dioxide, a major contributor to acid rain, is an especially serious pollutant because
it diminishes the respiratory system’s ability to deal with all other pollutants.
A. an especially serious pollutant because it diminishes the respiratory system’s ability to
deal
B. an especially serious pollutant because of diminishing the respiratory system’s capability
of dealing
C. an especially serious pollutant because it diminishes the capability of the respiratory system
in dealing
D. a specially serious pollutant because it diminishes the capability of the respiratory system
to deal
E. a specially serious pollutant because of diminishing the respiratory system’s ability to deal
13. Scientists who studied the famous gold field known as Serra Pelada concluded that the rich lode was not produced by the accepted methods of ore formation but that swarms of microbes over
millions of years concentrated the gold from jungle soils and rivers and rocks.
A. not produced by the accepted methods of ore formation but that swarms of microbes over millions
of years
B. not produced by the accepted methods of ore formation but instead swarms of microbes over
millions of years that
C. not produced by the accepted methods of ore formation but swarms of microbes over millions
of years that
D. produced not by the accepted methods of ore formation but by swarms of microbes that over
millions of years
E. produced not by the accepted methods of ore formation but that swarms of microbes over millions
of years
14. In 1990’s, there are more babies were born by women over thirty years old than under it.
A than under it.
B than were they under it.
C than had been under it
D than were the babies.
E than those were under it.
15. The commissior's office of compliance, inspections, and investigations plans to intensify
its scrutiny of stock analysts to investigate not only whether research is an independent function
at brokerage firms, but also whether conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write
about or when they are paid for their work by a firm's investment.
A. to investigate not only whether research is an independent function at brokerage firms, but
also whether conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or when they are
B. to investigate not only whether research is an independent function at brokerage firms, but
also if conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or they are
C. to not only investigate whether or not research is an independent function at brokerage firms,
but also if conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or are
D. not only to investigate whether or not research is an independent function at brokerage firms,
but also whether conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or are
E. not only to investigate whether research is an independent function at brokerage firms, but
also whether conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or when Critical Reasoning:
1. A manufacturer of workstations for computer-aided design seeks to increase sales to its most
important corporate customers. Its strategy is to publish very low list prices for workstations
in order to generate interest among the buyers for those corporations.
Which of the following, if characteristic of the marketplace, would tend to cause the
manufacturer’s strategy to fail?
A. The proposed list prices would seem low to a typical buyer for the manufacturer’s most important
corporate customers.
B. The capabilities of workstations suitable for given jobs are not significantly different among
various manufacturers.
C. The manufacturer’s most important corporate customers employ as buyers persons who are very
knowledgeable about prices for workstations for customer-aided design.
D. Customers differ significantly in the percentage of resources they can devote to computer
workstations.
E. Buyers for corporations that purchase workstations for computer-aided design receive bonuses
for negotiating large discounts from the list price
2. Insect infestations in certain cotton-growing regions of the world have caused dramatic
increases in the price of cotton on the world market. By contrast, the price of soybeans has long
remained stable. Knowing that cotton plants mature quickly, many soybean growers in Ortovia plan
to cease growing soybeans and begin raising cotton instead, thereby taking advantage of the high
price of cotton to increase their income significantly, at least over the next several years.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the plan’s chances for success?
A. The cost of raising soybeans has increased significantly over the past several years and is
expected to continue to climb.
B. Tests of a newly developed, inexpensive pesticide have shown it to be both environmentally
safe and effective against the insects that have infested cotton crops.
C. In the past several years, there has been no sharp increase in the demand for cotton and for
goods made out of cotton.
D. Few consumers would be willing to pay significantly higher prices for cotton goods than they
are now paying.
E. The species of insect that has infested cotton plants has never been known to attack soybean
plants
3. For similar cars and drivers, automobile insurance for collision damage has always cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont. Police studies, however, show that cars owned by Greatport
residents are, on average, slightly less likely to be involved in a collision than cars in Fairmont.
Clearly, therefore, insurance companies are making a greater profit on collision-damage insurance
in Greatport than in Fairmont.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. Repairing typical collision damage does not cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont.
B. There are no more motorists in Greatport than in Fairmont.
C. Greatport residents who have been in a collision are more likely to report it to their insurance
company than Fairmont residents are.
D. Fairmont and Greatport are the cities with the highest collision-damage insurance rates.
E. The insurance companies were already aware of the difference in the likelihood of collisions
before the publication of the police reports.
4. Although exposure to asbestos is the primary cause of mesothelioma, a slow-developing cancer,
researchers believe that infection by the SV40 virus is a contributing cause, since in the United
States 60 percent of tissue samples from mesotheliomas, but none from healthy tissue, contain
SV40. SV40 is a monkey virus; however, in 1960 some polio vaccine was contaminated with the virus.
Researchers hypothesize that this vaccine was the source of the virus found in mesotheliomas
decades later.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the researchers’ hypothesis?
A. SV40 is widely used as a research tool in cancer laboratories.
B. Changes in the technique of manufacturing the vaccine now prevent contamination with SV40.
C. Recently discovered samples of the vaccine dating from 1960 still show traces of the virus.
D. In a small percentage of cases of mesothelioma, there is no history of exposure to asbestos.
E. In Finland, where the polio vaccine was never contaminated, samples from mesotheliomas do not
contain SV40.
Finding of a survey of Systems magazine subscribers: Thirty percent of all merchandise orders
placed by subscribers in response to advertisements in the magazine last year were placed by
subscribers under age thirty-five.
5. Finding of a survey of advertisers in Systems magazine: Most of the merchandise orders placed
in response to advertisements in Systems last year were placed by people under age thirty-five.
For both of the findings to be accurate, which of the following must be true?
A. More subscribers to Systems who have never ordered merchandise in response to advertisements
in the magazine are age thirty-five or over than are under age thirty-five. B. Among subscribers to Systems, the proportion who are under age thirty-five was considerably
lower last year than it is now.
C. Most merchandise orders placed in response to advertisements in Systems last year were placed
by Systems subscribers over age thirty-five.
D. Last year, the average dollar amount of merchandise orders placed was less for subscribers
under age thirty-five than for those age thirty-five or over.
E. Last year many people who placed orders for merchandise in response to advertisements in Systems
were not subscribers to the magazine.
6. In the past, most children who went sledding in the winter snow in Verland used wooden sleds
with runners and steering bars. Ten years ago, smooth plastic sleds became popular; they go faster
than wooden sleds but are harder to steer and slow. The concern that plastic sleds are more
dangerous is clearly borne out by the fact that the number of children injured while sledding
was much higher last winter than it was ten years ago.
Which of the following, if true in Verland, most seriously undermines the force of the evidence
cited?
A. A few children still use traditional wooden sleds.
B. Very few children wear any kind of protective gear, such as helmets, while sledding.
C. Plastic sleds can be used in a much wider variety of snow conditions than wooden sleds can.
D. Most sledding injuries occur when a sled collides with a tree, a rock, or, another sled.
E. Because the traditional wooden sled can carry more than one rider, an accident involving a
wooden sled can result in several children being injured.
7. The growing popularity of computer-based activities was widely expected to result in a decline
in television viewing, since it had been assumed that people lack sufficient free time to maintain
current television-viewing levels while spending increasing amounts of free time on the computer.
That assumption, however, is evidently false: in a recent mail survey concerning media use, a
very large majority of respondents who report increasing time spent per week using computers report
no change in time spent watching television.
Which of the following would it be most useful to determine in order to evaluate the argument?
A. whether a large majority of the survey respondents reported watching television regularly
B. whether the amount of time spent watching television is declining among people who report that
they rarely or never use computers
C. whether the type of television programs a person watches tends to change as the amount of time
spent per week using computer increases D. whether a large majority of the computer owners in the survey reported spending increasing
amounts of time per week using computers
E. whether the survey respondents’ report of time spent using computers included time spent using
computers at work
8. The percentage of households with an annual income of more than $40,000 is higher in Merton
County than in any other county. However, the percentage of households with an annual income of
$60,000 or more is highest in Sommer County.
If the statements above are true, which of the following can properly be concluded on the basis
of them?
A. No household in Merton County has an annual income of $60,000 or more.
B. Some households in Merton County have an annual income between $40,000 and $60,000.
C. The number of households with an annual income of more than $40,000 is greater in Merton than
in Sommer County.
D. The percentage of households with an annual income of $80,000 is higher in Sommer than in Merton
County.
E. Average annual household income is higher in Sommer than in Merton County.
9. In the year following an eight-cent increase in the federal tax on a pack of cigarettes, sales
of cigarettes fell ten percent. In contrast, in the year prior to the tax increase, sales had
fallen one percent. The volume of cigarette sales is therefore strongly related to the after-tax
price of a pack of cigarettes.
The argument above requires which of following assumptions?
A. During the year following the tax increase, the pretax price of a pack of cigarettes did not
increase by as much as it had during the year prior to the tax increase.
B. The one percent fall in cigarette sales in the year prior to tax increase was due to a smaller
tax increase.
C. The pretax price of a pack of cigarettes gradually decreased throughout the year before and
the year after the tax increase.
D. For the year following the tax increase, the pretax price of a pack of cigarettes was not eight
or more cents lower than it had been the previous year.
E. As the after-tax price of a pack of cigarettes rises, the pretax price also rises.
10. For most people, the left half of the brain controls linguistic capabilities, but some people
have their language centers in the right half. When a language center of the brain is damaged, for example by a stroke, linguistic capabilities are impaired in some way. Therefore, people who
have suffered a serious stroke on the left side of the brain without suffering any such impairment
must have their language centers in the right half.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the reasoning in the argument above depends?
A. No part of a person’s brain that is damaged by a stroke ever recovers.
B. Impairment of linguistic capabilities does not occur in people who have not suffered any damage
to any language center of the brain.
C. Strokes tend to impair linguistic capabilities more severely than does any other cause of damage
to language centers in the brain.
D. If there are language centers on the left side of the brain, any serious stroke affecting that
side of the brain damages at least one of them.
E. It is impossible to determine which side of the brain contains a person’s language centers
if the person has not suffered damage to either side of the brain.
11. Kernland imposes a high tariff on the export of unprocessed cashew nuts in order to ensure
that the nuts are sold to domestic processing plants. If the tariff were lifted and unprocessed
cashews were sold at world market prices, more farmers could profit by growing cashews. However,
since all the processing plants are in urban areas, removing the tariff would seriously hamper
the government’s effort to reduce urban unemployment over the next five years.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A. Some of the by-products of processing cashews are used for manufacturing paints and plastics.
B. Other countries in which cashews are processed subsidize their processing plants.
C. More people in Kernland are engaged in farming cashews than in processing them.
D. Buying unprocessed cashews at lower than world market prices enables cashew processors in
Kernland to sell processed nuts at competitive prices.
E. A lack of profitable crops is driving an increasing number of small farmers in Kernland off
their land and into the cities.
12. Business Consultant: Some corporations shun the use of executive titles because they fear
that the use of titles indicating position in the corporation tends to inhibit communication
up and down the corporate hierarchy. Since an executive who uses a title is treated with more
respect by outsiders, however, use of a title can facilitate an executive’s dealings with
external businesses. The obvious compromise is for these 24 executives to use their corporate
titles externally but not internally, since even if it is widely known that the corporation’s
executives use executive titles outside their organization, this knowledge does not by itself
inhibit communication within the corporation. In the consultant’s reasoning, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
A. The first presents an obstacle to achieving a certain goal; the second presents a reason for
considering that goal to be undesirable.
B. The first is a consideration that has led to the adoption of a certain strategy; the second
presents a reason against adopting that strategy.
C. The first describes a concern that the consultant dismisses as insignificant; the second is
a consideration that serves as the basis for that dismissal.
D. The first is a belief for which the consultant offers support; the second is part of that support.
E. The first is a belief against which evidence is offered; the second is part of the evidence
offered against that belief.
13. A sudden increase in the production of elephant ivory artifacts on the Mediterranean coast
of North Africa occurred in the tenth century. Historians explain this increase as the result
of an area opening up as a new source of ivory and argue on this basis that the important medieval
trade between North Africa and East Africa began at this period.
Each of following, if true, provides some support for the historians’ account described above
EXCEPT:
A. In East Africa gold coins from Mediterranean North Africa have been found at a tenth-century
site but at no earlier sites.
B. The many surviving letters of pre-tenth-century North African merchants include no mention
of business transactions involving East Africa.
C. Excavations in East Africa reveal a tenth-century change in architectural style to reflect
North African patterns.
D. Documents from Mediterranean Europe and North Africa that date back earlier than the tenth
century show knowledge of East African animals.
E. East African carvings in a style characteristic of the tenth century depict seagoing vessels
very different from those used by local sailors but of a type common in the Mediterranean.
14. In January of last year the Moviemania chain of moive theaters started propping its popcorn
in canola oil, instead of the less healthful coconut oil that it had been using until then. Now
Moviemania is planning to switch back, saying that the change has hurt popcorn sales. That claim
is false, however, since according to Moviemania's own sales figures, Moviemania sold 5 percent
more popcorn last year than in the previous year.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument against Moviemania's claim?
A. Total sales of all refreshments at Moviemania's movie theaters increased by less than 5 percent
last year. B. Moviemania makes more money on food and beverages sold at its theaters than it does on sales
of moive tickets.
C. Moivemania's customers prefer the taste of popcorn popped in coconut oil to that of popcorn
popped in canola oil.
D. Total attendance at Moivemania's movie theaters was more than 20 percent bigger last year than
the year before.
E. The year before last, Moviemania experienced a 10 percent increase in popcorn sales over the
previous year. Reading Comprehension:
In Winters v. United States
(1908), the Supreme Court held
that the right to use waters flow-
Line ing through or adjacent to the
(5) Fort Berthold Indian Reservation
was reserved to American Indians
by the treaty establishing the res-
ervation. Although this treaty did
not mention water rights, the Court
(10) ruled that the federal government,
when it created the reservation,
intended to deal fairly with
American Indians by preserving
for them the waters without which
(15) their lands would have been use-
less. Later decisions, citing
Winters, established that courts
can find federal rights to reserve
water for particular purposes if
(20) (1) the land in question lies within
an enclave under exclusive federal
jurisdiction, (2) the land has been
formally withdrawn from federal
public lands — i.e., withdrawn from
(25) the stock of federal lands avail-
able for private use under federal
land use laws — and set aside or
reserved, and (3) the circum-
stances reveal the government
(30) intended to reserve water as well
as land when establishing the
reservation.
Some American Indian tribes
have also established water rights
(35) through the courts based on their
traditional diversion and use of
certain waters prior to the United
States’ acquisition of sovereignty.
For example, the Rio Grande
(40) pueblos already existed when the
United States acquired sovereignty
over New Mexico in 1848.
Although
they at that time became part of the
United States, the pueblo lands
(45) never formally constituted a part
of federal public lands; in any
event, no treaty, statute, or exec-
utive order has ever designated
or withdrawn the pueblos from
(50) public lands as American Indian
reservations. This fact, how-
ever, has not barred application
of the Winters doctrine. What
constitutes an American Indian
(55) reservation is a question of
practice, not of legal definition,
and the pueblos have always
been treated as reservations by
the United States. This pragmatic
(60) approach is buttressed by Arizona
v. California (1963), wherein the
Supreme Court indicated that the
manner in which any type of federal
reservation is created does not
(65) affect the application to it of the
Winters doctrine. Therefore, the
reserved water rights of Pueblo
Indians have priority over other
citizens’ water rights as of 1848,
(70) the year in which pueblos must
be considered to have become
reservations. 1. The author cites the fact that the Rio Grande pueblos were never formally withdrawn from public
lands primarily in order to do which of the following?
A. Suggest why it might have been argued that the Winters doctrine ought not to apply to pueblo
lands
B. Imply that the United States never really acquired sovereignty over pueblo lands
C. Argue that the pueblo lands ought still to be considered part of federal public lands
D. Support the argument that the water rights of citizens other than American Indians are limited
by the Winters doctrine
E. Suggest that federal courts cannot claim jurisdiction over cases disputing the traditional
diversion and use of water by Pueblo Indians
2. The passage suggests that, if the criteria discussed in lines 16 – 32 were the only criteria
for establishing a reservation’s water rights, which of the following would be true?
A. The water rights of the inhabitants of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation would not take
precedence over those of other citizens.
B. Reservations established before 1848 would be judged to have no water rights.
C. There would be no legal basis for the water rights of the Rio Grande pueblos.
D. Reservations other than American Indian reservations could not be created with reserved water
rights.
E. Treaties establishing reservations would have to mention water rights explicitly in order to
reserve water for a particular purpose.
3. According to the passage, which of the following was true of the treaty establishing the Fort
Berthold Indian Reservation?
A. It was challenged in the Supreme Court a number of times.
B. It was rescinded by the federal government, an action that gave rise to the Winters case.
C. It cited American Indians’ traditional use of the land’s resources.
D. It failed to mention water rights to be enjoyed by the reservation’s inhabitants.
E. It was modified by the Supreme Court in Arizona v. California.
4. The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. trace the development of laws establishing American Indian reservations
B. explain the legal bases for the water rights of American Indian tribes
C. question the legal criteria often used to determine the water rights of American Indian tribes
D. discuss evidence establishing the earliest date at which the federal government recognized
the water rights of American Indians
E. point out a legal distinction between different types of American Indian reservations In American Genesis, which covers
the century of technological innovation
in the United States beginning in 1876,
Line Thomas Hughes assigns special promi-
(5) nence to Thomas Edison as archetype
of the independent nineteenth-century
inventor. However, Hughes virtually
ignores Edison’s famous contem-
porary and notorious adversary in
(10) the field of electric light and power,
George Westinghouse. This com-
parative neglect of Westinghouse is
consistent with other recent historians’
works, although it marks an intriguing
(15) departure from the prevailing view
during the inventors’ lifetimes (and for
decades afterward) of Edison and
Westinghouse as the two “pioneer
innovators” of the electrical industry.
(20) My recent reevaluation of Westing-
house, facilitated by materials found
in railroad archives, suggests that
while Westinghouse and Edison shared
important traits as inventors, they
(25) differed markedly in their approach to
the business aspects of innovation.
For Edison as an inventor, novelty
was always paramount: the overriding
goal of the business of innovation was
(30) simply to generate funding for new
inventions. Edison therefore undertook
just enough sales, product development,
and manufacturing to accomplish this.
Westinghouse, however, shared the
(35) attitudes of the railroads and other
industries for whom he developed
innovations: product development,
standardization, system, and order
were top priorities. Westinghouse
(40) thus better exemplifies the systematic
approach to technological development
that would become a hallmark of modern
corporate research and development. 5. The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. reevaluate a controversial theory
B. identify the flaws in a study
C. propose a new method of historical research
D. compare two contrasting analyses
E. provide a fresh perspective
6. According to the passage, Edison’s chief concern as an inventor was the
A. availability of a commercial market
B. costs of developing a prototype
C. originality of his inventions
D. maintenance of high standards throughout production
E. generation of enough profits to pay for continued marketing
7. The author of the passage implies that the shift away from the views of Westinghouse’s
contemporaries should be regarded as
A. a natural outgrowth of the recent revival of interest in Edison
B. a result of scholarship based on previously unknown documents
C. reflective of modern neglect of the views of previous generations
D. inevitable, given the changing trends in historical interpretations
E. surprising, given the stature that Westinghouse once had Ecoefficiency (measures
to minimize environmental
impact through the reduction
Line or elimination of waste from
(5) production processes) has
become a goal for companies
worldwide, with many realizing
significant cost savings from
such innovations. Peter Senge
(10) and Goran Carstedt see this
development as laudable but
suggest that simply adopting
ecoefficiency innovations could
actually worsen environmental
(15) stresses in the future. Such
innovations reduce production
waste but do not alter the num-
ber of products manufactured
nor the waste generated from
(20) their use and discard; indeed,
most companies invest in eco-
efficiency improvements in
order to increase profits and
growth. Moreover, there is
(25) no guarantee that increased
economic growth from eco-
efficiency will come in similarly
ecoefficient ways, since in
today’s global markets,
(30) greater profits may be turned
into investment capital that
could easily be reinvested
in old-style eco-inefficient
industries. Even a vastly
(35) more ecoefficient industrial
system could, were it to grow
much larger, generate more
total waste and destroy more
habitat and species than would
(40) a smaller, less ecoefficient
economy. Senge and Carstedt
argue that to preserve the
global environment and sustain
economic growth, businesses
(45) must develop a new systemic
approach that reduces total
material use and total accu-
mulated waste. Focusing
exclusively on ecoefficiency,
(50) which offers a compelling
business case according
to established thinking, may
distract companies from
pursuing radically different
(55) products and business
models.
8. The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. explain why a particular business strategy has been less successful than was once anticipated
B. propose an alternative to a particular business strategy that has inadvertently caused
ecological damage
C. present a concern about the possible consequences of pursuing a particular business strategy
D. make a case for applying a particular business strategy on a larger scale than is currently
practiced
E. suggest several possible outcomes of companies’ failure to understand the economic impact
of a particular business strategy
9. According to the passage, an exclusive pursuit of ecoefficiency may cause companies to
A. neglect the development of alternative business models and products
B. keep the number of products that they manufacture unchanged
C. invest capital from increased profits primarily in inefficient and outmoded industries that
may prove unprofitable D. overemphasize the production process as the key to increasing profits and growth
E. focus more on reducing costs than on reducing the environmental impact of production processes
10. The passage mentions which of the following as a possible consequence of
companies’realization of greater profits through ecoefficiency?
A. The companies may be able to sell a greater number of products by lowering prices.
B. The companies may be better able to attract investment capital in the global market.
C. The profits may be reinvested to increase economic growth through ecoefficiency.
D. The profits may be used as investment capital for industries that are not ecoefficient.
E. The profits may encourage companies to make further innovations in reducing production waste.
11. The passage implies that which of the following is a possible consequence of a company’s
adoption of innovations that increase its ecoefficiency?
A. Company profits resulting from such innovations may be reinvested in that company with no
guarantee that the company will continue to make further improvements in ecoefficiency.
B. Company growth fostered by cost savings from such innovations may allow that company to
manufacture a greater number of products that will be used and discarded, thus worsening
environmental stress.
C. A company that fails to realize significant cost savings from such innovations may have little
incentive to continue to minimize the environmental impact of its production processes.
D. A company that comes to depend on such innovations to increase its profits and growth may be
vulnerable in the global market to competition from old-style ecoinefficient industries.
E. A company that meets its ecoefficiency goals is unlikely to invest its increased profits in
the development of new and innovative ecoefficiency measures. Answers for reference Only)
DS: BAC
PS: CBE
SC: CEBCA, DDCAD, DADAA
CR: EBAEE, CEBDD, EBDA
RC: ACDB, ECE, CADB
关于语法第四题为什么选C，请参阅：http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=23&ID=22751
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发表于 2004-11-2 14:06:00
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