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发表于 2003-8-1 12:24:00
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Something share with you guys
作者：coolkitten 发表于：2001-11-11 03:35:28 来自于：阳阳的家gmat论坛
Today I am deleting everything test related from my computer. Here are some of my collections. Hope that they may be helpful to you. Good luck!
I.awa issue catagories I summarized.
II. zhuangzi argument and issue. You can also find them in the website of neworiental.
III. idoims
IV.other useful link
I.issue catagories
A. C. Art and Society (51)
Education (14)
12. education as the key to success
102.advanced degree and the formal education are rarely relevant to one’s success
125. life-long education
119. those who have strong technology skills need not go to college
23. should our schools teach values
28. should schools teach consumerism
37. education—science vs. art and humanities
62. education—teaching about the human community
122. school should not teach specialized IT, instead, it should teach more general
94. teaching self-discipline or self-esteem to kids
135. in business course, professors should teach only factual information and skills, not ethnics
98. conventional learning and long-distance learning
99. maintaining a competitive educational system
139. which is better for students: structured environment or free atmosphere
Effect of technology (7)
8. monetary system: technology
20. importance of machine
101. automobile: beneficial or harmful
53. user-unfriendly systems in today’s society
107. the goal of IT industry is to help people to learn how to obtain information
111. the overall quality of life has never been better than present due to technology
114.technology separates and alienates people
Art, lifestyle reflect social value (7)
16. public architecture as a reflection of society
78. the historic value of older buildings
83. how buildings shape us
32. advertisements as reflections of a nation’s ideas
96. museums indicate social values
104. nation’s value: scientific and artistic achievements vs. business
130. we can learn more about a society by how people spend their leisure time than how they work
Environment conservation (5)
2.Energy sources and international effort
13. responsibility of government for preserving the natural environment
41. penalties for damaging the natural environment
47. responsibility of government for preventing environmental damage
137. restriction on access should be made to protect national parks and historical sites
Effect of globalization (4)
40. our role: citizens of the world or the nation
65. multinational corporations and global homogeneity
105. remaining treasures in their original countries
113. all nations should investment in space station
Advertisement (3)
44. investing in high-quality advertising to gain benefits
85. advertising as influential art
86.advertising—appealing to emotion vs. reason
Macromedia and society (3)
54. commercial success of films and TV programs: violence and obscenity
134. macromedia have the right to contact potential customers
138. do macromedia stifle intellectual curiosity
The importance of history (2)
43. the importance of studying history
89. studying history: a waste of time?
Sensitive social problems (6)
15. children and internet adult material
95. employing young children is harmful
82. meeting women’s needs in the workplace
97. sex discrimination in business
88. accepting blame for hateful actions and words
38. endangered everyday courtesy
B. Business (51)
Recruit, incentive and rewarding: (10)
19. recruitment: business courses vs. broad background
21. rewarding employees
27. employees’ job satisfaction and security
48. assessing personality traits in hiring employees
72. effects of employee incentives
123. company should make employees make long-time commitment
92. following order: employees’ real loyalty?
127. most valuable employees are those concerning efficiency rather than quality
129. objective information is more informative than subjective interviews
128. organizations should rely on inside advice
Business and society (7)
66. products should be made safe
35. short-sighted as a business disease
90. products that don’t last waste resources
117. society depends more on the success of small business rather than that of larger one
58. the final objective of business: make more time for people
59. business’s social duty regarding juvenile crime
84. informing customers about products and services
Profit vs. ethnics (6)
18. making money vs. serving society
64. goal of business: profit vs. public warfare
42. reacting to changing environmental standards
45. ethical business conduct and maximizing profits
70. ethical constraints in creating and marketing products
110. the most effective business leaders should maintain the highest ethical standard
Teamwork vs. individual ability (6)
5. decision-making in an organization
25. hiring capable people as a key business strategy
36. teamwork vs. individual commitment
69. the ability to work well other employees
106. efficient way to assign task to employees is divide
115. all employees should help plan to use profit
Performance evaluation (5)
50. responding to employee performance
60. assess to personal information about employees
108. employees should not have full access to their own personnel files
109. all personnel evaluation should be multidirectional.
133. employees should not evaluate their supervisors’ performance
Leadership (4)
32. earning respect as a leader
76.decision-making and effective leadership
124. effective leaders can solve complex question in a simple way
132. leadership is more valuable for a manager than expertise and experience
Freedom vs. restriction in workplace (4)
68. workplace design and employee input
93. freedom and restriction
120. formality in dress should be addressed
136. companies should allow employees express their feelings through internal email
Personal life and work (4)
9. personal lives of employees
17. time management and flexibility
30. should employees take work home
67. how work affects our personal lives
Key for success (3)
26. location: still the key to business success
51. is competition good for a business
56. the secret of business: know more things
Organizational behavior (2)
3. flat or pyramid organization
14. an organization of a clear hierarchy
C. Government (17)
Governments’ responsibilities:
1.radio and TV censorship;
91. establishing regulations to ensure public health
13. responsibility of government for preserving the natural environment
47. responsibility of government for preventing environmental damage
22. responsibility of government for arts
116. government should provide funding for the art, but only for those reflecting the majority’s value
24. power and influence-business vs. government
46. bureaucracy’s impact in business and government
63. bureaucracy of government alienates citizen
61. government as a necessary burden on business
71. imposing limits on commercialism
131 self-regulating will be better for businesses than government regulating
87. workers are responsible for unemployment: technology and adjusting to job obsolescence
34. mandatory public service
100. legislative action is more effective than consumer action
118. people loyalty to political parties hind forming their own opinions
126. to stop more serious crimes, law should enforced to penalty minor crimes
D. Personal Life (22)
Success of individual (9)
6. the definition of success
11. personal failing of great achievers
39. professional success and personal sacrifices
49. hard work as the key to success
52. achieving success by setting goals
74. rule-breakers: the most memorable people
75. the motivating forces of self-interest and fear
77. the test for true genius
81. success and non-conformists
Individual viewpoint (13)
10.process vs. product
29. focusing on the task rather than the result
103.life process and life goal
7.giving advice to other people
55. never tell people how to do things
4. power of restraint
73. following one’s instincts
79. social skills as purchasable commodities
80. our saving and borrowing habits
121. the way an idea is presented is more important than itself to impact on people
31. financial gain as a factor in choosing a career
57. respecting one another’s differences
112. people soon tire of the status quo: shifting theoretical position
II.作文讲义 庄子 著
逻辑问题分析
逻辑分析的角度，也就是写作过程中主题段落的分支观点。主要包括：
1. 虚假因果关系: assumption
l 时间：两个事件的发生只是在时间上有先后或同时性, 但被假设成为因果关系;
l 变量：一个量的增加, 减少 (降低), 没有作出任何原因分析, 就提出解决的措施;
l 充要：一个事件的发生的众多要素中的某一个因素被假设成为导致该事件发生的充分
必要条件; 从而忽落了其它因素的制约;
l 推不出：
l 倒置：
2. 数字的相对意义和时间概念 （百分比，比率，分数）
l 命题中的数字总是相对的, 孤单的一个数字不能说明该数字依附的变量的性质，考虑；
l 总数的变化； 百分比，比率，分数值的变化时，考虑两个变量。（分子和分母）
l 数字的比较； 同类的变量的数字如何变化？
l 数字的时间； 数字变化的时间段是否适应所论述的事件的时间？
l 数字的来源。 数字本身的逻辑真度如何？
3. 错误类比：analogy
l 事件类比： 两个名词比如学校，企业，交通方式不具有可比性；（两个以上的专有
名词为标志）因而不可类推
l 时间类比： 过去的不可推及现在或将来，不可外推
4. 建议，评价的不可行：
l 依据：提出的建议不具有因果关系的基础（不看病情就开处方）
l 矛盾：提出的建议措施不能解决要处理的问题，甚至使之恶化；
l
5. 调查，研究
l 时间：
l 程序：
l 取样：样本代表性取决于总数和抽样的随机性
l 偏见：
6. 概念变化
l 推论的概念和论题的概念在外延，内涵上产生变化（偷换概念）。
在任何一道命题中，至少可以找出三个不同的分析角度，构成中间的三个段落。
作文题库分析
1．
论题：食品业OL公司的长期经验保证成本降低从而利润最大化
论证：由于企业学会处理事务，效率提高，导致加工成本下降。
以彩色胶片加工业为例：1970年3 X 5 英寸胶片要5天，花费50 分钱；1984年只
要一天，花费仅20分。
读题的关键词：go down because; for example; the same principle applies to ; can ; enable us to; and thus.
逻辑错误：
l 错误类比：胶片加工业 和 食品加工业 不同
l 时间概念：1970 到 1984 的变化原因未经阐述，而且不可推及将来
l 虚假因果：成本下降不是利润最大的充分必要条件，只是一个因素。
写作中间主题段落：(456 words)
Firstly, the most serious logical fallacy in this reasoning is that the author has falsely assumed that the processing costs are the sole and most essential factor that determines the profits. Under this assumption, an organization would be misled. The fact is that, besides the cost, there are huge variations and diversities in the array of elements such as the price of raw materials, transportation freight, capital investment, and human resources that contribute to the gain or loss of profits in a business. And all of these elements are frequently suited for reciprocal repulsion and occasionally are capable of harmonious coexistence when the profits are concerned. So it is quite possible that when the costs of a business go down significantly, the outputs and profits will also experience a considerable decrease. Therefore the author’s argument that “to minimize costs and thus maximize profits” is questionable.
The second apparent fallacy is that the argument suffers from a reasoning that is based on a false analogy. The arguer cites an example from a color film-processing agent to illustrate that “the same principle applies to the processing of food”. But there is never any evidence to support that the situations between the two strikingly different businesses can be analogized. Virtually, both are processing business. But food as a product is appreciably distinguished from film in terms of processing procedure, manufacturing and management, as well as marketing. Although certain similar aspects do exist, it is unconvincing to cite the change as evidence that took place in the color film processing from five-day service costing fifty cents in 1970 to a one-day service costing twenty cents in 1984. Because this change from fifty cents to 20 cents does not demonstrate the costs of processing are declining. Still, even though the costs decreased during the period between 1970 and 1! 984, it does not provide clear evidence that costs will continue to go down. Clearly, the argument is ungrounded.
Last but not least of importance, even all the questionable assumptions that the author used to substantiate his or her argument are sound, the argument is not yet convincing. Supposing that the principles in color film processing industries can be applied to foods processing, we find that the arguer has neglected the peculiarities of the Olympic Foods. Moreover, the fact that Olympic Foods will soon celebrate its Twenty-fifth birthday bears no relationship with the profits. Furthermore, twenty-fifth years business experience as illustrated from the annual report cannot be a logical sound evidence to support the claim that the Olympic Foods has long experience or relevant skills in business dealings. In addition, even though it does have long experience, in no context does it means that a long experience will surely lead to cost minimization.
2． 分析：现象A： 当AC公司在一个场地运作
现象B： AC公司的利润比现在高。。。。。。。。（条件反射式思考：原因？）
命题结论：AC公司应当（？）关闭所有的区域办公室进行单一场地运作。这种
集中会（？）降低成本，对员工进行更好的管理，因而提高利润。
逻辑错误：
事件或现象A发生或存在之同时有事件或现象B发生或存在，但命题对此描述后未做任何证实A和B 的关系，是存然的偶合关系还是必然的因果？
留给读者思考，这就是命题的“题眼”。其实无一例外，作者非法地假设A和B具备因果关系。表达成：
A B
基于这个未证实的假设，命题进一步假定现在的现象B不好，需要改进。但是命题未说明为什么B的出现不好，然后提出解决的措施或方案为非A，记作?，然后命题作出更加严重的逻辑错误推理，
? B-
一个推理成立，其否命题推理不是原命题的等价命题，逻辑值不等。但是命题作了一层陷阱，在推理时不是直接暴露此逻辑错误，而是在非A和非B 间插入C的干扰：
? C1 + C2 B-
在本题中C1表现为成本下降，C2表现为更好的管理。但是这样的推理显然值得怀疑，因为从命题中无法的知?和C1 + C2 的因果关系，也无法确定C1 + C2和B-的因果关系。但命题者无疑假定?一定推出C1+C2而且进一步假设C1 + C2是B-的唯一决定因素。这些就是命题的逻辑错误。
写作：(451 words)
First of all, the argument in the memorandum of the business department of the Apogee Company is based on unsubstantiated assumption. The author of the memorandum assumed that if the costs of the operation of the business are low and if the supervision of all employees is better maintained, the profits would be enlarged. However, the profits in a business operation are a complex issue. There are many interconnected factors playing significant and yet distinguished roles in determine the profits, such as location, human resources, government policy, and demand and supply of the raw material as well. Unless the arguer provides sound and solid evidences that except costs and supervision status quo of all employees, all other factors that can exert impact on the variation of the profits remain unchanged, can the argument be convincing. Unfortunately, we cannot find any such evidence. Ironically, the author at least admits that the location of the company has changed. This, to th! e argument, is an apparent self-contradiction. Therefore, the argument suffers from the logical fallacies of ungrounded assumption and paradox.
Secondly, the argument in the memorandum has never established any causal relationship between the contemporary field offices of the Apogee Company and the fact that the current profits are lower than they were. Location of a business, just like the costs and supervision of all employees, as one element of the whole operation, is neither sufficient nor essential in accounting for the change of profits. Whether the decline of profits is due to the many field offices instead of centralized location is questionable. Based only on this phenomenon, the author arbitrarily concludes that field offices caused the decline of profits. This is another fallacy.
Thirdly, even if cutting costs and maintaining of a better supervision can result in improvement of profits. And even if the centralization of location can enlarge the profits too, there is no direct causal relationship between such centralization and the cutting of costs and the maintenance of a better supervision of all employees. What factors determine the increase or decrease of costs? Is centralization of location the sole reason? The arguer has never addressed. Nor has the arguer answered the question that what dictate the situation of supervision of all employees. Again the author falls in the logic fallacy of unsubstantiated assumption. Furthermore, is profit decline an adversity to the company? It may be not a bad thing, although it is traditionally accepted that profits are important to a business. If the profit decline is moderate and at the same time the fulfillment of some social obligation is better off, we see no reasons to change on the strength of the balanc! e of profit gain and achievement of social services.
100.
Whether or not farmers should resume synthetic farming from organic one is based primarily on their economic concerns although there are many other factors to consider. The arguer arbitrarily concludes that organic farmers should switch to synthetic farming rather than persist in organic farming, which the author claimed to be “an unwise course”. However, the author unreasonably and unscientifically assumed that “investments will be relatively minor compared to the losses from continued lower crop yields.” The author based his or her argument on the information that “organic farming last year have seen their crop yields decline”. This assumption is problematic and thus the resumption is by no means a wise attempt for the following reasons.
To start with, maximum yields do not always lead to maximum profit. The arguer’s assumption that the farmers’ economic gain relies solely on the quantity rather than on the quality of crop is problematic. Obviously the quality of the crop and its marked price will more or less affect the farmers’ economic gain. In some cases, good quality and high market price will not only make up the disadvantage of low quantity but also produce more profit. If so, why shall farmers change their way of farming?
Even if in this specific case that more yields bring about high profits, the argument that organic farming can surely leads to lower yields is still unconvincing. The arguer providers nothing as evidence but the practice of one annual organic farming to draw his or her conclusion. It is quite possible that it takes at least two years for the soil to become suitable for the new way of farming. Or it may be that the weather in the past years was unfavorable for crop growing resulting in the last year’s lower yields. Put it simply, there might be many reasons except the organic or synthetic way of farming account for the lower yields in the last year. So without considering these factors, the argument is problematic.
Finally, the arguer oversimplifies the reasoning by drawing a long-term conclusion on a short-term comparison. This would be misleading to the farmers even if the above mentioned two logical fallacies were not exist. Whether or not should the farmers resume to synthetic farming must be based on a long run crop outcome comparison between the two farming methods. A short-term loss of yields is not sufficient enough to be the basis of analysis. Farmers might gain much in the next few years if they keep their synthetic farming but it also would be true that within the coming years the soil, water, and environment are seriously contaminated and polluted if synthetic farming were resumed. This is against the agricultural policy of sustainable development and therefore the farmers should not be suggested to switch their farming practice from organic to synthetic one. So the arguer should consider much more before giving any recommendations.
In conclusion, from the data the arguer offers, resumption does not necessarily serve farmers’ desire to gain profit. To make the recommendation more sound and convincing, many more should be analyzed. To strength this argument, the author should also rule out the factors that contributed to the last year’s lower crop yields. Without these, the argument suffers from a variety of logic fallacies.
The following appeared as part of an annual report sent to stockholders by Olympic foods, a processor of frozen food.
“Over time, the cost of processing go down because as organizations learn how to do things better, they become more efficient. In color film processing, for example, the cost of a 3-by-5-inch print fell from 50 cents for five-day service in 1970 to 20 cents for one-day service in 1984. The same principle apples to the processing of food. And since Olympic Foods will soon celebrate its twenty-fifth birthday, we can expect that our long experience will enable us to minimize costs and thus maximize profits.
逻辑错误类型： 基于错误类比的预测
l for example
l the same principle applies to
l since…and thus
l we can expect that
l will enable …to…
l because
结 论：可以预期OF公司长期的经验使成本降到最低从而最大化利润。
大前提：因为公司提高做事的效率，所以加工成本下降
小前提：（证据）
1) OF公司拥有25年的历史
2) OF公司是一家冷冻食品加工业的公司
3) 彩色胶片加工业3 X 5 英寸的印刷成本在1970年是50分，加工期是5天。在1984 降到20分而且只用一天
4) 彩色胶片的加工的原理可以应用到食品加工业。
The author predicts that the OF, a frozen foods processing company，will be able to minimize its costs and thus maximize its profits. To bolter this prediction the author has cited in vain an irrelevant example that the cost of a certain product in film processing, a 3-by-5-inch print, fell from 50 cents in 1970 down to 20cents in 1984. The author has further based the provision on the fact that OF has an experience of 25 years of operation. Unfortunately, this prediction is unconvincing because the following logic fallacies.
First of all, the author has never supplied any evidence to substantiate the argument that the minimization of the costs will necessarily result in the maximization of profits in an organization. It is an undeniable fact that costs are pertinent to profits, but this does not mean that costs are the sole factor that impacts profits. The fact is that besides costs there exists a diverse array of elements contributing to the variation of the profits, such as the tax policy, marketing status quo, and advertising campaign. Only when all the other factors remain unchanged can the conclusion that minimization of the costs will naturally being about the peak profits be safely drawn. But in this argument, we are lacking of such information concerning about other factors. Therefore, this prediction is ungrounded.
Secondly, the author’s forecast is on the strength of a false analogy. The fact that the cost of a film-processing product has dropped from 1970 to 1984 has nothing to do with the food processing products. The assertion that “ the same principle applies to the processing of food” is too presumptuous to accept. It may be true that certain aspects of film processing are similar to that of food processing. But the striking differences between them should be the first focus as far as this issue is concerned. Even if the principles of the film processing can, under certain circumstances, be employed to the food processing, it is yet insufficient to argue that OF will be able to maximize its profits by decreasing its costs. Because the evidence states only the fact that the cost of 3-by-5-inch print fell, as to the profits of the film processing enterprise are unclear. It is thoroughly possible that while the costs decrease, the profits drop. Accordingly, the author’s argument! is problematic.
Last but no least, the fact that OF will celebrate its 25th anniversary doesn’t prove that OF has learnt how to do things better, nor does it demonstrate that OF has become more efficient. It is undoubtedly that there exits no causal-effect relationship between the efficiency and the operation time of an enterprise. It may be true that a relatively long time of running contributes to a certain degree to efficiency; similarly, notwithstanding, it is also possible that long time operation of 25 years of OF has proven nothing but that OF has learned nothing. Therefore, the assumption that 25 years experience means that OF is more efficient is gratuitous.
In conclusion, the author’s rosy prediction is not compelling, nor is it convincing. To strength the forecast that OF will experience minimal costs and maximum profits in the future, the author would have to provide evidence that the OF does have learnt how to do things better as a result of 25 years operation. Still, the author must provide detail information about other factors besides costs that may exert impacts, detrimental (adverse, negative,) or beneficial, on profits. (580)
2.
事件A和事件B同时发生，被作为因果关系，外推或类推从而做出的错误建议，结论逻辑错误类型：Post Hoc (no causal-effect relationship exist) 13题，
In no case can the mere fact that when the AC had all its operations in one location its profits were higher than they are today be cited as evidence to support the assumption that there is a causal-effect relationship between profits and the operational sites. In fact it is an unwarranted assumption. The author has obviously neglected the possibility that other alternative factors such as the skyrocketing of the raw material price in the international markets, the adverse fluctuation of currency, or even the war may contribute to the profits decrease in this year. It may be only a coincidence that this years profits declined with the operational sites changing. Therefore, the argument has committed the logic fallacy of Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc.
Even though the fact that the annual profits in this year are lower that of last year can to a certain degree attributed to the fact that this year, unlike last year when all the operation was in one site, the AC company has its operation in many different areas, it is still unconvincing to recommend the AC company close all its field offices and conduct all its operations from a single location. For one thing, all the facts happened cannot be anticipated to happen in the future. It is possible that next year, the AC Company will benefits considerably from its current mode of operation. Without further analysis, the conclusion is open to debate. For the other, to bolster the underlying assumption, the author has to offer information about whether all other factors remain unchanged if the AC conducts all operations from a single location. If the AC has adopted the author’s recommendation but many elements change next year, whether the end to improve profitability can be met ! or not is uncertain.
The author has also committed another logic fallacy. The author has taken it for granted that cutting costs and better supervision of employees will necessarily result in the improvement of profitability. It is an undeniable fact that the costs and management are pertinent to profits, but the assumption that cutting of costs and sound management are sufficient to draw the conclusion that profitability must consequently increase is too presumptuous to reliable. There are countless factors may exert impacts on profitability. Only when all the other factors remain the same as they were can the assumption be true. Without supplying this information, the conclusion that centralization would improve profitability by cutting costs and helping the company maintain better supervision of all employees suffers logic flaw. 425
13:
The following appeared as part of a campaign to sell advertising time on a local radio station to local business.
“The Caumquat café began advertising on our local radio station this year and was delight to see its business increase by 10 percent over last year’s totals. Their success show you how you can use radio advertising to make your business more profitable.”
注意题目中的语法错误：THEIR 这是广告的故意行为。
事件A：在LOCAL电台上做广告（一个具体的公司；上年）
事件B：其业务比上年增加10% （同时出现）
结 论：任何企业可以通过在LOCAL电台上作广告使得业务提高
分析：
1) 一个具体的事例无法证明所有的情况。CUMQUAT CAFé和其它企业之间的差异不容忽视。C公司毕竟和其它公司有各种各样的差别，某一个具体研究对象发生的事件未必同样在其它的对象上发生。这是取样不足的错误。Insufficient-sample fallacy. CC的例子未必适应所有其他的企业。
2) 即使假定具体的研究对象具有代表性，文章依然没有证明业务增加10%的具体原因是什么。这是错误的假设，把业务的增加归因于做广告。但是，偶然巧合不等于因果关系。逻辑错误叫做Post Hoc，Ergo Propter Hoc. (After This, Therefore Because of This)
3) C公司业务比上年增加10%能否证明其今年的业务令人满意。取决与上年的高低。上年的业务情况如果是历史最低点呢？
逻辑错误：
l 事件A和B之间的因果关系不明。POST HOC ERGO PROPTER HOC (After This, Therefore Because of This)
分析：The argument suffers (commits) the logic fallacy of “After This and Therefore Because of This”. The error, in the case of this argument that--------, is that the conclusion is mere causal claims that have never been sufficiently substantiated by any evidence. The only evidence that has been offered in this argument to support the causal claim is a temporal relationship between two conditions of evens. The fact that----occurs first is identified as the cause, the fact that follows is identified as the effect. Typically, the causal connection between the two events is implausible.
范文：
The ad claims that the local radio advertising will make business increase. The only evidence cited to substantiate this claim is that last year, coincident with a ten percent business increase experienced by a specific business, Cumquat Café, to be exactly, has been the fact that this company advertised on the local radio. Unfortunately, this argument is unwarranted for the following three logic fallacies it has committed.
First of all, the argument suffers (commits) the logic fallacy of “After This and Therefore Because of This.” Implying in the reasoning of the campaign is the assumption that radio advertising alone has caused the increase in business at the Cumquat Café. This assumption is questionable because it obviously overlooks a diverse array of other factors that might have contributed to the Cumquat Café’s 10 % business increase than that of the last year. Such events as Camquat Café has updated its menu, pointed a new competent senior manager, and the competitors have experienced bankruptcy may all contribute to a certain extent to the business increase of Camquat Café. Because the author has never eliminated these possibilities, in no case can the assumption in question be accepted.
Secondly, the argument has also committed insufficient-sample fallacy. The campaign conclusion is that business in general could be more profitable by using the local radio station as the advertising medium. This conclusion must base on another assumption that what is true of the Campquat Café will likewise be true of most other business. But there must have a colossal number of striking differences between them. All these differences may have significant implication to how radio audiences react to radio advertising. In this case, it is unconvincing to conclude that all business will benefit from local radio advertising.
Last but not least, the argument has falsely assumed that business increase will necessarily result in higher profits. It is possible that as the business has been enlarging significantly the profits drop considerable. Because there are various factors contributing to the business profits, the volume of business is only one of them. If other factors remain unchanged, it is true that business increase will bring about higher profits. But the author has never provided evidence to explain what is the situation of them, so it is not logically sound to conclude that business increase means more profitable.
In conclusion, it would be imprudent for a business to invest in radio advertising solely on the basis of the evidence presented. To strengthen the conclusion, it must be established that radio advertising was the principal cause of increased business at the Camquat Café. Also the author has to offer information about the difference between the Camquat Café and other businesses. To better evaluate this argument, we also have to make it clear that besides business volume what other factors contributing to profits are. 472
14. The following appeared as part of a newspaper editorial.
“Two years ago, Nova High School began to use interactive computer instruction in three academic subjects. The school dropout rate declined immediately, and last year’s graduates have reported some impressive achievements in college. In future budgets the school board should use a greater proportion of the available funds to buy more computers, and all schools in the district should adopt interactive computer instruction throughout the curriculum.
范文结构练习：
The editorial recommends that the-------------------------and----------------------------Two reasons are offered in support of this recommendation. First, --------------------------------------was immediately followed by a decline of------------------------Second, ------------------------------------------------------
This argument is unconvincing for the following logical fallacies.
First and foremost, the argument suffers the fallacy of Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc. The mere fact that ------------------------preceded the impressive performance of-----------------------and the decline in the dropout ------------------------- is insufficient to conclude that it was the cause of these events.
Many other factors could bring about these same results. For example,------------------------.In addition,--------------------------------------------------------------. Unless the author can provide sound evidence to demonstrate that it was-----------------that--------------------solely account for-------------the conclusion is problematic.
Secondly, even if the assumption that ------------------can solely explain--------------, the author has also committed the fallacy of “All Things Are equal”. The fact that happened two years ago is not a sound evidence to draw a conclusion for the status quo. The author has assumed without justification that the background conditions have remained the same at different times or at different locations. It is not clear in this argument that whether the current conditions at Nova High School are the same as they used to be two years ago, making it impossible to conclude that -----------------------------------------------------.
Finally, the argument is unwarranted for the drawback of “Insufficient-sample” fallacy. Based on a specific example of Nova High School and only three courses, it is logically unsound to make suggestion for all courses and all schools in the district where Nova High School was located. It is possible that -------------------------caused -------------------------in three specific courses in a certain school, but no evidence has ever been cited to indicate that other courses in different schools will benefit from the same measure.
In conclusion, the recommendation that ----------------is unfounded. To strengthen this recommendation the author would have to demonstrate that --------------------and -----------------came about as result of the use of computer-interactive instruction. All that has been shown so far is a correlation between these events. To better evaluate this argument, it is indispensable to make it clear that-----------------------------------.
P34 T17
According to the article in the consumer-products magazine, when Acid-Ease and Peptic aid, two brands of full-strength prescription medication for the relief of excess stomach acid which are now available in milder nonprescription forms, are to be chose by those who need an effective but milder nonprescription medication to mitigate their excess stomach acid, Acid-Ease is recommended. To substantiate this recommendation, the author of the article cited a statistics (which it self is open to doubt) that “doctors have written 76 million more prescriptions for full-strength Acid-Ease than full-strength Peptic aid. This alone, however, does not constitute a sound reasoning ground on which the argument may rely and therefore the argument per se is unconvincing for the following logical fallacies. (118)
First of all, the author has committed the logical fallacy of false analogy. In order to prove that milder nonprescription form of Acid-Ease is more effective than the milder nonprescription form of Peptic aid, the author has never provided any information to answer why the former is much more effective than the latter. Instead, the author presents the data that doctors have written 76 million more prescriptions for full-strength Acid-Ease than for full-strength Peptic aid. Clearly, milder non-prescription form of Acid-Ease may strikingly differ from its full-strength prescription form. In this case, the analogy is unreasonable. Without information about what are the differences between the prescription and nonprescription forms of Acid-Ease, the conclusion is open to skepticism. (117)
Secondly, even if the differences between prescription and nonprescription forms of the two medications are so insignificant as to be neglected, the argument still suffers another fallacy: a false assumption. Without the establishment of the causal-effect relationship between the effectiveness of a medication and the number of prescriptions the doctors have made, the mere data that 76 million more of prescriptions for full-strength Acid-Ease have written can in no case prove it is much more effective than Peptic aid. Albeit the reason(s) why doctors wrote more prescriptions for full-strength Acid-Ease is (are) unknown, we cannot assume that it is only because Acid-Ease is more effective than Peptic aid. For there may be countless factors contributed to the phenomenon that doctors wrote more prescriptions for full-strength Acid-Ease. (126)
Finally, the author of the magazine article has never analyzed the criterion against which a milder nonprescription medication should be chose. Is the effectiveness the only thing to be considered? Are there any other elements such as the price, availability, and side effect to be taken into consideration? It is possible that when one chooses the medication, he or she will weigh and balance all these. Besides, the cited statistics per se is open to doubt for the simple reason that the author has never indicated when, where, and how the data is obtained. Without clearly indication of the source of the data, the evidence is not sound enough to support the argument. (113)
In conclusion, the argument that the nonprescription Acid-Ease should be chose is unconvincing. To strengthen the argument, the author should have to supply evidence to prove that nonprescription Acid-Ease is much more effective that nonprescription Peptic aid. The author must also rule out the differences between the nonprescription and prescription full-strength forms of medication. To better evaluate the argument, the criterion against which a medication should be chose must be analyzed. (71) (550)
28. Commuter use of the new subway train is exceeding the transit company’s projections. However, commuter use of the shuttle buses that transport people to the subways station is below the projected volume. If the transit company expects commuters to ride the shuttle buses to the subway rather than drive there, it must either reduce the shuttle bus fares or increase the price of parking the subway station.
译文：乘坐地铁的人数超过运输公司的预期（是不是运输公司的期望值较小？）但是利用往返的汽车前往地铁站台的人数低于该公司的预期量。如果该公司想让往返的人员乘坐往返的汽车而不是开车到达地铁车站，那么该公司只能从两个方案中选择：要么降低汽车的费用，要么增加地铁站台的停车费用，但是不能同时采取这两个措施。
分析：
目的：让往返的人员乘坐往返的汽车而不是开车到达地铁车站
问题：往返的人员不是乘坐往返的汽车而是开车到达地铁车站
原因：命题没有陈述
建议：只能从两个方案中选择：要么降低汽车的费用，要么增加地铁站台的停车费用。但是不能同时采取这两个措施。
逻辑错误：
1. ASSUMPTION 假定往返人员开车是因为往返的汽车的价格高，在地铁站台停车费用没有高到开车抵达地铁站的地铁乘客无法接受的地步。
2. 忽略了可以同时降低往返汽车价格和提高地铁站台停车费用的效果
3. 错误假定所提的建议是唯一的措施，忽略其它原因和可能措施。
The author concludes that-----------must either-----------------or-------------------. The reasons offered to support this conclusion are that------------------------is exceeding the-----------------------, while---------------------is below-----------------------. This argument is unconvincing because the author oversimplifies the problem and its solution in a number of ways.
To begin with, by concluding that-----------------------, the author assumes that----------------. However, it is possible that other factors-such as------------------------,--------------------------, and -------------------contribute to the problem. If so, adjusting fares of parking fees would might not be-----------------------------.
In addition, the author assumes that---------------------------------and -----------------------are mutually exclusive alternatives. However, the author has never offered any reason or evidence for imposing an either/ or choice. Moreover, if the author is wrong in the assumption that parking fees and shuttle fees are the only possible causes of the problem, then the most effective solution might include a complex of policy changes.
In conclusion, this argument is weak for both the problem and its potential solutions are oversimplified. To strengthen the argument the author must examine all factors that might account for the phenomenon. Additionally, the author should consider all possible solutions to determine which combination would bring about the greatest increase in shuttle use.
GMAT的ARGUMENT命题中不存在逻辑意义上因果关系：
既不存在：
A B
假定：A B 分别代表两个事件，“ ”代表因果关系
这样的推理在ARGUMENT命题中永远不存在，但是命题总是使用逻辑标志词进行伪装，使得A 和 B 事件之间仿佛存在因果关系。因此在审题过程中注意这些标志词：
therefore
thus
accordingly
consequently
it follows that
apparently
given that
clearly
thereby
thus
hence
as a result
because
since,
due in large part to
we can expect that
for one thing…furthermore
Thus…have ironically resulted in…
The reason can be discovered from…
As can be seen from the fact that…
Is a clear indication that…
Since…In addition because…
…and hence
for one thing, since…for another,…Thus, since…it makes good sense to…
hence we can expect that…
given…
due to… will undoubtedly…
hence it makes financial sense that…
thus it follows that…
evidently…
it is well established that…
as evidenced by..
for
这些标志词只要在命题中出现(实际上这些都是从命题里摘录出来的)，那么就是一个虚假因果的逻辑错误。如果把ARGUMENT的逻辑错误当作埋在地下的地雷，我们考生是要通过该雷区的士兵，ETS就是埋地雷的美国鬼子，但是美国鬼子和日本鬼子的差异在，每当埋下一个地雷，ETS就在埋地雷的地面上插一个小旗子，上面写到：“有地雷！”您就信以为真，把它挖掉。这些标志词就是小旗子。
什么时候因果关系成立？
如果要架构这层因果关系，需要一个前提假设ASSUMPTION：
大前提：（假设）Assumption: if A then B
条 件： 现在 A 成立
结 论： 所以 B 成立
A B
这看上去仿佛是弱智或者是特大实话，但这就是逻辑的本质。以上 A 是B 的充分条件。但在命题中只有A 和 B，没有假设，因此推理不成立。
也可以说不存在充分条件，相反只有必要条件，就是说一个确定事件在某一个时间发生，导致该事件产生的多个因素（必要条件）总是复杂的。命题中总是忽略其他条件的存在，批驳时利用“另有原因所致”攻击对方论证。
事件A 和 B 发生的时间上有先后，被错误当作因果关系，这种逻辑错误叫做：commits the fallacy of “Post Hoc. Ergo Propter hoc.”(after this and therefore because of this) 这种逻辑错误一般不会单独成为命题，它总是在提供建议型的题目中。
例题：题库14题：
事件A：
Two years ago, Nova High School began to use interactive computer instruction in three academic subjects.
事件B：
The school dropout rate declined immediately, and last year’s graduates have reported some impressive achievements in college.
假性因果，错误认为 A B
时间上错误外推：两年前 A 和 B事件，推及将来
In future budgets the school board should use a greater portion of the available funds to buy more computers, and all schools in the district should adopt interactive computer instruction throughout the curriculum.
事件的错误类推（一个事件推及另一个事件），外推（过去推及将来），不完全归纳（由个别或偶然事件推及整体）
错误建议型标志词
在GRE，LSAT，GMAT的逻辑题中假设是一个重要的考点。当出现在GMAT写
作中时，事件A和B 之间的关系都是虚假的。一般的命题出现的形式是：
u 事件A1 事件B1 因此 如果要（为了）实现B1 需要A1 而且A1可以实现B2，B3，…
u 事件A 事件B 因此 要达到 B 则 A (逆命题不成立)
u 以前：事件A1 事件B1 现在事件 A1 事件 B1 将来要B1则需 A1
现在对于命题的推理关系表述如下：
原命题： A B
逆命题： B A
否命题： 非A 非B
逆否命题：非B 非A
原命题和逆否命题的逻辑真值相等。即两命题等价。
另外当事件A 和 B 之间被假定有某种因果关系时，如需要推理，还要考虑到可
能A是导致B 复杂因素之一，另有他因吗？
过去的事件不可推及将来：外推错误。
在GMAT写作ARGUMENT命题中司空见惯的一类逻辑错误是外推。例题：19 题
过去具体事件：
Over the past decades, （过去时间标志）the restaurant industry in the country of Spiessa （大写字母单一具体）has experienced unprecedented growth. （量变：为什么变化？如何变化？）
外推及将来
This surge can be expected to （外推逻辑标志词）continue in the coming years,
命题假性原因陈述：
u fueled by recent social changes:
u personal incomes are rising,
u more leisure time is available,
u single person households are more common,
u and people have a greater interest in gourmet food,
假性原因的来源：
as evidenced by a proliferation of publications on the subject. 足以为据吗？
调查，研究，报告，民意测验等不足以为据：
在ARGUMENT中只要出现
study，survey，poll，review，research，
in a recent city wide poll
study suggest that
a recent published survey indicates that
consider the results of a study conducted last month
most of the respondents in a recent poll said
laboratory studies show that
an annual survey that
a recent review of… revealed that…
since a recent poll shows that…
…is proved by the results of a study in which…
our research indicates that
…can be seen from an experiment we conducted last year
last year we surveyed
statistics reveals that
this statistics shows that
…released the results of a survey of…last year
reports that
the most recent nationwide surveys show that
research indicates that
a recent test…
waiters reported that
according to a survey of 5,000 urban residents
with the recent increase articles in health magazines
during a two-week study of…
等单词短语，这就是逻辑错误的出现之处。因为一旦出现这些引以为证据的事件，就要问以下几个问题：
u When，where，how， and by whom the survey / study / poll / is conducted？
u What can the study shows？
u What is the sampling size？
u Are the samples randomly taken or with bias？
在ARGUMENT作文题目中没有任何一个基于调查，研究，报告等得出的结论，或提出的建议是在逻辑上合理的。出题引用调查的时间必然是过去时，这有产生了时间外推的逻辑错误。一般而言，调查研究伴随某些数字出现，而这些数字又具备相对的意义，因此逻辑错误就比较明显，容易攻击。
例题 第25题：
时间外推： 调查：样本总数？一共几个城市？14个还是远大于14个？
Two years ago, City L was listed 14th in an annual survey that ranks cities according to the
quality of life that can be enjoyed by those living in them.
This information will enable people who are moving to the state in which City L is located to
confidently identify one place, at least,
用来支持作者观点的要素：
u where schools are good,
u housing is affordable,
u people are friendly,
u the environment is safe,
u and the arts flourish.
选择城市考虑的标准是什么？是以上的罗列的要素吗？
例题3，7，8，12，15，20，25，29，31，32，34，36，46，58，64，70，71，84，85，94，98，104， 109，112，115，117，121，126，129，每道题目中都有此类逻辑错误。
错误类比
错误类比是GMAT作文ARGUMENT中另一类常见的逻辑错误。和调查研究报道起到相同的作用，作者在命题中试图得出一个观点，证实一个论断，支持一个或多个建议时，常诉诸于类比的推理模式。但是从逻辑的角度上分析，类比必然错误。因为：
5.1. 单个个体之间有千差万别，所以两个个体之间不能类比。 A = B
5.2. 单个个体或集合的元素的特点不可等同于全体或集合的性质。SOME = ALL
5.3. 同一个集合内部的元素之间不可类比。比如虽然都是交通工具，汽车不能和火
车类比；一个学校不能和另一个学校类比；一个企业不能和另一个企业类比。诸
如此类。 A1 = A2
错误类比的命题特点是命题中常出现两个（以上）的专有名词，标志是大写字母的出现。类比是作者论证的手段，而不是结论或建议。
例题 63题：
作者的论点：
The Cumquat Cafe made a mistake in moving to a new location. ( 对专有名词 判断句 )
作者论据：类比 （论证逻辑错误）假设（无支持的暗含假设）
After one year at the new spot, it is doing about the same volume of business as before, （假设一年后经营量是衡量场址的唯一充分必要条件）
but the owners of the Robo Wrench plumbing supply wholesale outlet that took over its old location are apparently doing better:
论据本身需要支持
Robo Wrench is planning to open a store in a neighboring city. （但是这个事件不能支持）
如果把一道题目如此分析，作者的论点，论证过程，和论证中的逻辑错误一目了然。
66题：人狗肥胖消除的类比
在宠物狗当中，肥胖是一个大问题。正如同在它们的主人当中一样。人的肥胖典型地
由于消耗超过人体所需要的卡洛里导致。对于人类，富含纤维素和碳水化合物但是脂肪较低的食物可用来降低卡洛里从而减低体重。因此狗的主人如果想用健康的方法帮助他们的狗降低体重，最好的办法是限制狗的饮食，让狗吃CERBERUS 的低卡洛里的狗食，这种狗食富含纤维素和碳水化合物但是脂肪较低。
这道题目的逻辑错误在于错误类比。作者没有分析狗肥胖的根本原因是什么，就提出建议。论证的基础就是类比。而且要考虑到人狗不同。
在139道题目中基于错误类比的比比皆是，86题，94题，96题，102题，111题，122题，
这些题目中总是有着明显的类比标志词：
u 大写字母
u we should therefore follow the example
u as evidenced by
u would do well to follow suit
u follow the example of
u thus。。。can also。。。
当然，有时候标志词会不出现但是错误的类比总是一目了然。
变量问题
为了论证一个观点，支持一个论断，反对或支持某个建议，作者试图应用因果关系，类比，调查研究等手段进行论证。当然在GMAT 的ARGUMENT题目中，论点永远不成立，建议不可实施，作者的批驳也是荒谬。当我们熟悉这些逻辑错误时，不应当忽略量变在GMAT作文ARGUEMNT中的作用。它是假性因果的特征之一。题目在试图提出论点之前或已经提出论点之后的论证过程中，经常用两个事件的变化充当证据。出现较多的是decrease，increase 只要在题目中看到这些表示某一个元素变化的动词，问以下几个问题：
u why？变化的原因是什么？作者总是不予分析，而是假定由另一个元素变化导致。
u When？过去的变化不能用来支持目前的或者将来的观点。
u How？变化的过程影响作者所提的建议措施的可行性。
u What does it indicate or show？一个变化能说明什么？
例题：11
在M担任圣。鄱滴驼市市长的四年内，人口下降，失业率上涨，每有一家企业开业，就有两家倒闭，在M之前的四年由V当市长时，失业率是下降的而人口是增长的。显然，圣。鄱滴驼市的市民如果重新选举V而否定M，那么市民能够得到更好的服务。
作者的论点是什么？
作者支持论点的论证方法是什么？
作者引用的证据是什么？— 变量：（1）人口，（2）失业率，（3）企业开业数目
这些变量能否用来作为衡量一个市长政绩的标准。
这些变量的变化原因什么？
例题13：
CC公司今年在当地的广播电台做广告，欣喜见到业务比去年增加10%。他们的成功告诉你如何利用广播广告是您的企业获得更大的利润。
是一道单纯的用量变支持结论的题目，但是逻辑错误包括
u 错误类比CC公司和“您的公司”性质不同，（在题目（课本34页）中ETS 非常仁慈地把you 斜体写出，告诉您命题用意。）
u 10%这个数字的原因不详，而且这个数字说明什么？增加10%一定是做了广播广告导致的吗？除了广播广告，该公司还有其它促进业务的举措吗？如果有，就是逻辑上的“它因WEAKEN”。而且，
u 10%是个相对数字。别的公司没有做广播广告的业务增加多少？该公司上年的底数是多少，如果因为上年的业务量巨低无比，比上年增加10%实在不能证明业务进展。
u 10%的增加，即使能够证明广播广告有助于业务量的增加，但是这是今年的情况，明年如何？又另当别论。
u 业务量的增加和利润的关系，作者没有陈述。论据是CC公司的business increase但是作者的论点您的business more profitable这是两个不同的概念，中间需要“逻辑架桥”
建议措施不可行
作者在GMAT的ARGUMENT 命题全部可以划分为两个部分，第一是论点，第二是论证和论据。论证的方式在前面已经阐述一部分，而作者的论点有时侯是建议措施。这种题型的比例相当大。建议的标志词是：
should
would
will
we can expect that
therefore…should…
such…would…
thus…should…
if…it must either…or…
we should, therefore,…
…could be better used to…
should…Also should…
the best way to …is…
这种题目的特点是在命题的第一部分利用类比，调查，假性因果作为陈述的论证，然后提出建议。建议总是为了解决某一问题，改善某种不利状况，避免某种损失而提出，但是在提出任何建议措施之前，必须对问题作出全面的透彻的分析。但是ARGUMENT中
u 绝对不分析产生不利的原因，而是直接提出建议
u 绝对不去分析所提的措施一旦实施，将产生什么后果？
u 建议超过问题的范围。
例题分析：第2题
当A 公司集中单一场地运作时，比现在的利润高。
因此，A公司应该关闭所有的分支机构，进行单一场地运作。这种集中将通过降低成本，帮助公司对所有的员工保持较好的管理提高公司利润。
命题第层一次： 论证层
事件A：
When the Apogee Company had all its operations in one location,
事件B：
it was more profitable than it is today.
论证第二层次：结论层标志词Therefore,
the Apogee Company should 建议标志词close down its field offices and conduct all its operations from a single location. Such centralization would improve profitability by （1） cutting costs and helping the company （2） maintain better supervision of all employees.
逻辑论点：建议型
建议目的：提高利润
建议措施：关闭分支，单一场地运作
论证模式：
事件A：过去单一场地运作A， 现在 A 表示不单一场地运作
事件B：利润。过去利润B1， 现在利润B2 B1 > B2
A B1 A B2 B1 > B2
推理：
A （C1 + C2） B增加
事件C1：成本下降
事件C2：员工管理
符号“ ”表示推理，或“导致”，但是这些推理本身未必成立。
逻辑错误：
The author has never provided any evidence to support the assumption that that the Apogee Company has experienced at present a decline in profitability is thoroughly resulted from the alteration of the operation location from a single spot to a variety of field offices. Only according to the information offered in this memorandum, hardly can we establish the causal relationship between the variation of the profitability and the difference of the location pattern. It is quite possible that many other factors such as the significant increase of raw material price, transportation fee, and labor force cost rather than the location pattern reduced the profitability. In fact this is the just fundamental ground on which the author’s recommendation based. If this assumption cannot be proved true, then the argument is problematic and thus the recommendation is invalid as far as its feasibility is concerned.
The author has also committed the logical fallacy of oversimplifying causal-effect relationship between the decline of cost, a better maintenance of supervision and the improvement of the profitability. It is, although, a generally accepted theory that profitability bears a certain relationship with the cost, human resource management, we can in no case draw the conclusion that the decline of cost and improvement of management combined together are the essential and sufficient factors contributed to the increase of profitability. Because the profitability of any business is subjected to a diverse array of factors such as cost, tax policy, and material price. Only when other factors are surely remain unchanged can the argument that “ centralization would improve profitability by cutting costs and helping the company maintain better supervision of all employees” be supported logically.
30.
In this argument ------------(prudent investors) are advised to --------------(stop investing in hotels and invest instead in hospitals and nursing homes). The author cites two related trends: first, ---------------------------; second, --------------------------as ground for this advice/ recommendation. To illustrate these two trends, the author refers to ------------------------------------. This argument is unconvincing in a couple of important respects.
First of all, no evidence has ever been provided to substantiate the advice about investments that the population as a whole is aging and that the hotel occupancy rate in general is decline. The example in this argument, albeit offers some cue to imply this trend, it is in no case sufficient to warrant the conclusion. For it is hardly possible to be convincing that data drawn from this unnamed region is representative of the entire country. Suppose that the region from which the data was gathered was Florida, obviously enough would it be not typical. The simple reason is that Florida is heavily populated by a disproportionate number of retired people over 65 years old and is a celebrated vacation destination during the winter months. Moreover, resort hotel occupancy in Florida declines dramatically during summer months.
Secondly, the author has committed the logic fallacy of Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc (After This and Therefore Because of This). No evidence has ever been provided to support the claim that the decline of hotels’ occupancy rate is pertinent to the aging of population. Instead, the author has falsely assumed that there is a causal-effect relationship between them. The fact that the increase in the umber of people over age of 65 my bears no such relationship to hotels’ occupancy rate decline. They are perhaps only coincident two events. If it is so the advice made in this argument suffers logic drawbacks.
Thirdly, even if the above assumption can be warranted, and even if there exist a causal relationship between the two cited events, the conclusion is still ungrounded. Because the fact that people were aging and 20 percent of them were over 65 years old and the fact that the hotels’ occupancy rate experienced a decline are all events that happened before. Therefore they may not remain unchanged for the future. Thus the argument suffers logic fallacy.
In conclusion, the author’s investment advice is not based on the sound reasoning. To strengthen the conclusion, the author must show that----------------------were not restricted to a particular region of the country, instead, they were representative to all. Moreover, it also must be supported that they will keep unchanged in the future. Furthermore, the author must establish that the causal-effect relationship is really true.
32.
the author in this argument concludes that ------------------. The author reasons that------------because------------------. Also, the author reasons that---------------because---------.The author’s argument is flawed in two respects.
To begin with, the author’s plan for ---------------is questionable.
1) Hasty Generalization (不完全归纳)
2) Dicto Simpliciter (unqualified generalization) Exercise is good.
3) Contradictory Premises (If God is omnipotence, can He make a stone so heavy that He won’t be able to lift it?)
4) Ad Misericordian (诉诸同情) GMAT考试中不会出现
5) False Analogy
6) Start with a hypothesis that is not true and then draw any supportable conclusions from it. GMAT考试中不会出现
7) Poisoning the Well GMAT考试中不会出现
小故事：
l Clearly we are well matched. Five days.
l You don’t have to eat a whole cake to know it’s good.
l You are the whole world to me and the moon and the stars and the constellations of outer space. Please, my darling…if you will not, life will be meaningless. I will languish. I will refuse my meals. I will wander the face of the earth, a shambling, hollow-eyed hulk.
论点（建议）：
AC公司应（SHOULD）关闭分公司，在单一场地运作，这样会降低成本，更
好管理雇员从而提高利润。
论据： AC公司曾经在单一场地运作，利润比现在高。
analysis of issues
1. 媒体审查：政府或其他团体
2. 能源保护：国际领导和世界合作
3. 公司运作：取消基于经验技能的工资和级别差
4. 权利节制：给人印象深刻
5. 公司运作：群体责任制的团队 / 个体集权责任制
6. 个人成功：按照自己的方式生活
7. 建议忠告：最佳模式 知人所需，并助之获得
8. 货币体系改革：电子信贷记账 / 纸币
9. 管理：员工私生活和工作场地的分离
10. 企业运作的过程比最终产品重要
11. 成功人氏的成就比个人缺点过失重要
12. 教育 / 财富与金钱：生活成功的最有力保证要素
13. 自然环境保护： 个人 / 政府
14. 公司结构：层级制和分工 / 违背人性结构
15. 国际合作：限制儿童进入成年人网络信息
16. 公共建筑物反映社会态度和价值
17. 时间管理：日计划和长期计划 / 弹性
18. 公司与社会：赢利目的 / 社会义务 的冲突不可避免
19. 招募毕业生雇员：商学课程 / 历史文学哲学
20. 机器和人：人类成为机器的从属 / 机器改善生活
21. 管理：雇员工资和工作安全感 员工表现 / 服务年限
22. 政府对艺术支持的责任，但不应该对有价值艺术限制
23. 学校教育：学术技能 / 伦理和社会价值的传播
24. 强力企业领导比任何政府官员更对社区和国家影响
25. 企业管理最佳策略：知人善用，授之以权
26. 企业运作：场地的重要不随技术进步而变化
27. 公司长期成功以来员工工作安全感和满足感
28. 学校教育：广泛购物前决策训练 / 高质广告低劣产品
29. 成功关键：具体任务的处理 / 结果的担忧
30. 雇员加班不好
31. 财政收入是择业最重要因素
32. 国家理念和广告
33. 领导品质：具备处理他人处理问题的能力被接受
34. 市民参与公共服务利己利国
35. 企业短期行为
36. 企业过渡强调团队重要，精力充沛有重任个体作用
37. 学校教育：科技 / 艺术和人文
38. 礼仪在日常交往中迅速丧失，人们礼仪不良
39. 职业成功和个人生活重要方面的牺牲
40. 世界公民和具体国家公民意识
41. 环境保护：刑法
42. 企业公司潜在环境危害与产品和工艺调整
43. 学习历史：解决当今社会问题的线索/ 优化社会和人
44. 广告：大量投资
45. 企业利润最大化最佳模式：伦理标准
46. 企业官僚对害处大于政府官僚
47. 环境保护责任：政府 / 个人或私营机构
48. 员工招募：前工作经验，教育背景 / 人品，工作习惯
49. 成功关键： 艰苦工作
50. 监工对员工的批评：恶言 威吓？
51. 竞争对手对企业总有好处？
52. 成功人士的下一个目标：
53. 友善界面：服务，体系 友善 / 不友善
54. 商业利益影响娱乐：浅薄，猥亵， 暴力影视原因
55. 不要告诉别人如何做，只告诉做什么
56. 企业秘诀：知人所不知
57. 人们越来越尊重个体差异
58. 企业最终目标：使生活机械，省时，做其它事
59. 企业帮助阻止青少年犯罪
60. 雇员私人信息，雇主未经同意不得获得
61. 政府是企业的必要负担
62. 教育忽视人类群体同性，关注国家间独特差异
63. 政府官僚加剧，人们愈加疏远政府
64. 企业目的：利润 / 社会福祗
65. 跨国公司兴起导致全球同化
66. 产品责任：制造商对一切产品伤害赋有法律，财政责任
67. 工作影响个人生活：兴趣，闲暇，及业余装束
68. 工作环境影响生产力和士气，雇员有权决定工作场地设计
69. 雇员品质：与人相处 / 专业技能
70. 不违法的产品促销是否合乎伦理标准？
71. 商业渗入学校圣地，国家应加限制
72. 公司对员工激励措施利弊
73. 我行我素：遵循本能和自然
74. 违归的人最易被人记忆
75. 两种刺激：兴趣和恐惧
76. 领导决策能力最重要最难
77. 天才品质之一：超越传统
78. 建筑问题：古建筑的占地的现代用途的冲突
79. 如糖和咖啡等商品可被购买，与人相处能力容易获得，但比世间任何其它商品更有价值。
80. 借钱和存钱
81. 企业运作：遵循传统思维做法不能长久成功 或 致富
82. 女权问题：企业和政府尽力满足女性工作需求，实现目标
83. 建筑问题：建筑与人
84. 企业：没有责任提供顾客完全产品信息，顾客自己负责
85. 广告：二十世纪最有影响力，最重要的艺术成就
86. 广告：诉诸感情而非理性最有效
87. 失业：技术和服务变化导致，工人而非政府企业负责
88. 伦理：恶言恶行，无人反对，人人受责
89. 历史：浪费时间，不能集中当今挑战
90. 产品：不耐久产品浪费自然和人力资源
91. 广告：侵犯人权，政府限制 / 企业接触潜在顾客权利
92. 环境：政府规定降低消除无完全科学根据的潜在环境危害
93. 员工：支持经理和公司政策无论对错
94. 员工：企业信任员工并授予自由，限制性奖惩制度不利士气和企业成功
95. 儿童：自律 / 自尊
96. 童工：企业雇佣童工错误，即使家庭受益
97. 博物陈列与社会崇尚
98. 女权?/p>
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发表于 2003-8-1 12:20:00
