请教几道逻辑题目

烦请大牛指教

All those who keep a journal will be heard by the next generation.  Some of these journal writers are true artists, others humorous observers of the commonplace and still others insufferable egotists who feel compelled to record their every thought.

If the statements above are true, which one of the following must be true?

C) the next generation will hear both insufferable egotists and true artists

D) some of those who keep journals are not true artists, humorous observers of the commonplace or insufferable egotists.

The key is C why?

Sven:  Trade unions are traditionally regarded by governments and economists as restraints of trade, working against the complete freedom of the economy, but I believe that unions are indispensable since they are often the worker’s only protection against exploitation.

Ravi:  I don’t agree.  The exploitation of the workers and their work is a normal part of ordinary trade just like the exploitation of natural or other material resources.

Sven and Ravi will not be able to resolve their disagreement logically unless they

A)     define a key term

D)        present supporting data

The key is A why?

“ Though they soon will, patients should not have a legal right to see their medical records. As a doctor, I see two reasons for this. First, giving them access will be time-wasting because it will significantly reduce the amount of time that medical staff can spend on more important duties by forcing them to retrieve and return files. Second, if my experience is anything to go by, no patients are going to ask for access to their records anyway.”

Which of the following, if true, establishes that the doctor’s second reason does not cancel out the first?

A)     The new law will require that doctors, when seeing a patient in their office, must be ready to produce the patient’s records immediately, not just ready to retrieve them.

Why the key is A?

A tree’s age can be determined by counting annual growth rings in its trunk. Each ring represents one year, and the ring’s thickness reveals the relative amount of rainfall that year. Archaeologists successfully used annual rings to determine the relative ages of ancient tombs at Pazyryk.  Each tomb was constructed from freshly cut logs and tomb builders were constrained by tradition to use only logs from tress growing in the sacred Pazyryk.

Which of the following, if true, contributes to an explanation of the archaeologists’ success in using annual rings to establish the relative ages of the tombs at the Pazyryk site?

B)      The pazyryk Valley, surrounded by extremely high mountains has a distinctive yearly pattern of rainfall, and so trees growing in the Pazyryk Valley have annual rings that are quite distinct from tress growing in nearby valleys

C)     Each log in the Pazyryk tombs has among its rings a distinctive sequence of twelve annual rings representing six drought years followed by three rainy years and three more drought years.

The key is C why?

Whenever a major political scandal erupts before an election and voters blame the scandal on all parties about equally, virtually all incumbents, from whatever party, seeking reelection are returned to office.  However, when voters blame such a scandal on only one party, incumbents from that party are likely to be defeated by challengers from other parties. The proportion of incumbents who seek reelection is high and remarkably constant from election to election.

If the voters’ reactions are guided by a principle, which one of the following principles would best account for the contrast in reactions described above?
B) When a major political scandal is blamed on incumbents from all parties, that judgments is more accurate than any judgment that incumbents from only one party are to blame.

E) When major political scandals are less the responsibility of individual incumbents than of the parties to which they belong, whatever party as responsible must be penalized when possible.  

The answer is E please explain why.  

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