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发表于 2014-6-3 01:54:27
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The birds were discovered near the village of Frauenweiler in southern Germany. Germany
and all of Europe is part of the "Old World" – a region that also includes Africa, Asia and Australia. Finding modern-looking hummingbird fossils in the Old World might help to explain the existence of certain flowers in Asia and Africa that seem to scream, "I'm trying to attract a hummingbird!" Why do plants with flowers that seem to be designed to feed a hummingbird grow in parts of the world with no hummingbirds? Mayr has one possible explanation. He imagines a time when the ancestors of these hummingbird-friendly flowers and hummingbirds lived together in the Old World. They may have each changed the appearance of the other through a process of back-and-forth interaction called "coevolution." At some point the hummingbirds disappeared but the plants lived on, according to Mayr. Insects like long-tongued bees could have taken over the hummingbirds' pollination duties. Pollination is necessary for plants to produce seeds. This "case of the disappearing hummingbird" is a good example of how discovery of a very old fossil can change the way we look at the plants and animals that are alive today. Mayr named the new hummingbird species Eurotrochilus inexpectatus, which means an "unexpected European version of Trochilus." Trochilus is the name of a group of today's hummingbirds.
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A few years ago, Jarvis and his colleagues made the surprisingdiscovery that when a songbird, parrot or hummingbird is producing its learned vocalization,a set of seven similar
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structures in the birds’ brains become active. Thefinding was unexpected because the three avian 来自鸟类的 groups areonly distantly related to one another. At the same time, they are closelyrelated to other birds that are not vocal learners. Flycatchers 鶲, for example, belong to the same order assongbirds—Passeriformes 雀形目的—yet noflycatcher species tested so far displays the trait 特征.
几年前,贾维斯和他的同事发现了令人惊讶,当一个小鸟,鹦鹉或蜂鸟产生学习声乐,一套 七相似的结构在鸟的大脑变得活跃。这发现是意想不到的,因为这三个鸟类群体只是隐隐约 约地彼此相关。与此同时,他们是密切相关的其他鸟类不是声乐学习者。Flycatchers,例如,属 于此顺序 songbirds-Passeriformes-yet 鹟物种迄今为止没有显示测试的特点。
Onepossible explanation, says Jarvis, is that the three groups of vocal learningbirds had a common ancestor that possessed the skill. “But this means there would have been multiplelosses of the ability over time, a sort of mass extinction of vocal learning,”he says. Another hypothesis is that vocal learners evolved similar brainstructures independently over the last 65 million years, much the same way thatbirds and bats separately evolved wings that turned out to be so much alike.
一个可能的解释说,贾维斯,三组声乐学习鸟都有一个共同的祖先拥有的技巧。“但这意味 着就会有多个损失的能力随着时间的推移,一种的大规模灭绝的声乐学习,”他说。另一个假 说是,声乐学习者相似的脑部结构独立进化在过去的 6500 万年里,,而同样的,鸟类和蝙蝠翅膀, 分别进化原来是如此相似。
Discoveriesabout the human brain support this latter hypothesis. Scientists conducting 处 理 imaging studies have found that when people speak, parts oftheir brains’ cerebrums 大脑 that aresimilar to those of vocalizing songbirds, parrots and hummingbirds becomeactive. They’ve also found that the same neural pathways are damaged in peoplewho have lost the ability to speak due to injury or stroke. Jarvis now believesthat vocal learning most likely developed independently in humans and the threebird groups (as well as in other learners whose brains have not beenstudied)—yet it arose from a preexisting 先存在的 brainsystem, probably shared by all vertebrates, that controls learning to move.
发现对于人脑运作支持后者的假说。科学家们进行脑部造影研究也发现,当人们说,他们 的大脑的部分,cerebrums 相似的 vocalizing 鸣鸟、鹦鹉、蜂鸟变得活跃。他们还发现,相同的 神经通路受损的人已经失去了说话的能力由于伤病或者中风。贾维斯现在认为,最有可能的 声乐学习,自主研发的鸟在人类和三组(以及其他英语学习者的大脑没有学习)-yet 它起因于一 个既存的脑部系统,或许能引起所有脊椎动物,控制学习移动。
有一段说有古蜂鸟吃一种植物,后来被现代的昆虫传播,所以现代的蜂鸟也可以食用(大 概是这个意思吧,有考题)
最后一段说到一个尚未解决的问题,就是为什么蜂鸟没有居住在更广阔的地方,而他们 的食物链明显可以扩展到比现在更广阔的领域。(有考题)
有题问到怎么证明蜂鸟化石与现代蜂鸟是同宗。我选的与一种植物有关(好像是哦) 有题问为什么没有扩展到比现在更广阔的地方,选什么我忘了(我错了......) |
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发表于 2014-6-3 01:39:38
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