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Logic from Stephen's Guide (5)
Appeals to Motives in Place of Support
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The fallacies in this section have in common the practise of appealing to emotions or other psychological factors. In this way, they do not provide reasons for belief.
The following fallacies are appeals to motive in place of support:
1.Appeal to Force
(argumentum ad baculum)
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Definition:
The reader is told that unpleasant consequences will follow
if they do not agree with the author.
Examples:
(i) You had better agree that the new company policy is the
best bet if you expect to keep your job.
(ii) NAFTA is wrong, and if you don't vote against NAFTA
then we will vote you out of office.
Proof:
Identify the threat and the proposition and argue that the
threat is unrelated to the truth or falsity of the proposition.
References:
Cedarblom and Paulsen: 151, Copi and Cohen: 103
2.Appeal to Pity
(argumentum ad misercordiam)
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Definition:
The reader is told to agree to the proposition because of the
pitiful state of the author.
Examples:
(i) How can you say that's out? It was so close, and besides,
I'm down ten games to two.
(ii) We hope you'll accept our recommendations. We spent
the last three months working extra time on it.
Proof:
Identify the proposition and the appeal to pity and argue that
the pitiful state of the arguer has nothing to do with the truth
of the proposition.
3.Appeal to Consequences
(argumentum ad consequentiam)
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Definition:
The author points to the disagreeable consequences of
holding a particular belief in order to show that this belief is
false.
Example:
(i) You can't agree that evolution is true, because if it were,
then we would be no better than monkeys and apes.
(ii) You must believe in God, for otherwise life would have
no meaning. (Perhaps, but it is equally possible that since
life has no meaning that God does not exist.)
Proof:
Identify the consequences to and argue that what we want to
be the case does not affect what is in fact the case.
4.Appeal to Popularity
(argumentum ad populum)
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Definition:
A proposition is held to be true because it is widely held to
be true or is held to be true by some (usually upper crust)
sector of the population.
This fallacy is sometimes also called the "Appeal to Emotion"
because emotional appeals often sway the population as a
whole.
Examples:
(i) If you were beautiful, you could live like this, so buy
Buty-EZ and become beautiful. (Here, the appeal is to the
"beautiful people".)
(ii) Polls suggest that the Liberals will form a majority
government, so you may as well vote for them.
(iii) Everyone knows that the Earth is flat, so why do you
persist in your outlandish claims?
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发表于 2003-6-26 15:05:00
