12/22-T3

For years scholars have contrasted slavery in the United States and in Brazil, stimulated by the fact that racial patterns assumed such different aspects in the two countries after emancipation. Brazil never developed a system of rigid segregation of the sort (of the sort: 那样的;这类的...., 诸如此类的...) that replaced slavery in the United States, and its racial system was fluid （a situation that is fluid is likely to change）because its definition of race was based as much on characteristics such as economic status as on skin color.（提出现象：奴隶解放后，巴西没什么歧视，美国有严重的歧视） Until recently, the most persuasive explanation for these differences was that Portuguese institutions especially the Roman Catholic church and Roman civil law (civil law: n.民法), promoted recognition of the slave’s humanity. The English colonists, on the other hand, constructed their system of slavery out of whole cloth (whole cloth: pure fabrication usually used in the phrase out of whole cloth). There were simply no precedents in English common law (common law: 习惯法), and separation of church and state barred Protestant clergy from the role that priests assumed in Brazil.原因在于：葡萄牙的机制与英国的不同  第一段：提出现象：种族歧视，解释原因：因为机制

But the assumption that institutions alone could so powerfully affect the history of two raw and malleable frontier (a new field for exploitative or developmental activity) countries seems, on reexamination, untenable.（评价：这个假设站不住脚） Recent studies focus instead on a particular set of contrasting economic circumstances and demographic profiles at significant periods in the histories of the two countries. （原因在于经济和人群）Persons of mixed race quickly appeared in both countries. In the United States they were considered to be Black, a social definition that was feasible （adj.可行的, 切实可行的）because they were in the minority. In Brazil, it was not feasible. Though intermarriage was illegal in both countries, the laws were unenforceable in Brazil since Whites formed a small minority in an overwhelmingly Black population. （混血种族在美国是少数，在巴西是多数）Manumission（n.解放） for persons of mixed race was also easier in Brazil, particularly in the nineteenth century when in the United States it was hedged about with difficulties. Furthermore, a shortage of skilled workers in Brazil provided persons of mixed race with the opportunity to learn crafts and trades, even before general emancipation, whereas in the United States entry into these occupations was blocked by Whites sufficiently numerous to fill the posts. The consequence was the development in Brazil of a large class of persons of mixed race, proficient in skilled trades and crafts, who stood waiting as a community for freed slaves to join.（经济：巴西的混血种族易学得技术，美国的不行）第二段：否定机制的原因，提出经济和人群的原因

There should be no illusion that Brazilian society after emancipation was color-blind. Rather, the large population of persons of mixed race produced a racial system that included a third status, a bridge between the Black caste and the White, which could be traversed by means of economic or intellectual achievement, marriage, or racial heritage. （巴西，混血人成为第三状态）The strict and sharp line between the races so characteristic of the United States in the years immediately after emancipation was simply absent. With the possible exception of New Orleans, no special “place” developed in the United States for persons of mixed race. Sad to say, every pressure of society worked to prevent their attaining anything approximating the economic and social position available to their counterparts in Brazil.（在美国，混血人发展不好）

3.     In the context in which it is found, the phrase “constructed their system of slavery out of whole cloth” (lines 15-16) implies that the system of slavery established by the English settlers was infer

(A) based on fabrications and lies

(B) tailored to the settlers’ particular circumstances

(C) intended to serve the needs of a frontier economy

(D) developed without direct influence from the settlers’ religion or legal system（D）

(E) evolved without giving recognition to the slave’s humanity

这题我做错了，选了E

文中对应这段话 Until recently, the most persuasive explanation for these differences was that Portuguese institutions especially the Roman Catholic church and Roman civil law (civil law: n.民法), promoted recognition of the slave’s humanity. The English colonists, on the other hand, constructed their system of slavery out of whole cloth (whole cloth: pure fabrication usually used in the phrase out of whole cloth). There were simply no precedents in English common law (common law: 习惯法), and separation of church and state barred Protestant clergy from the role that priests assumed in Brazil.

E为何不对呢

谢谢

我的看法是(D)明确讲到黄线部份:

There were simply no precedents in English common law (legal system),

and separation of church and state barred Protestant clergy from the role that priests assumed in Brazil.(religion)

但(E)中虽然有提到humanity, 但在原文只出现在:

Until recently, the most persuasive explanation for these differences was that Portuguese institutions especially the Roman Catholic church and Roman civil law promoted recognition of the slave’s humanity.

换句话说, 作者只在Brazil的部份提到humanity, 但我们不能推断出美国就没有, 除非是有强对比,

譬如unlike, however, yet....等, 我们才能这样推理出来

PS:记得没错的话, 巴西是南美唯一讲葡萄牙语的国家, 其他都是西班牙语

谢谢狗狗 你讲得真是要害

我极有必要将infer题中的强对比再补补课

谢谢你 祝考试顺利