1.Some species of Arctic birds are threatened by recent sharp increases in the population of snow geese, which breed in the Arctic and are displacing birds of less vigorous species.Although snow geese are a popular quarry for hunters in the southern regions where they winter, the hunting season ends if and when hunting has reduced the population by five percent, according to official estimates.Clearly, dropping this restriction would allow the other species to recover.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument?
A.Hunting limits for snow geese were imposed many years ago in response to a sharp decline in the population of snow geese.
B.It has been many years since the restriction led to the hunting season for snow geese being closed earlier than the scheduled date.
C.The number of snow geese taken by hunters each year has grown every year for several years.
D.As their population has increased, snow geese have recolonized wintering grounds that they had not used for several seasons.
E.In the snow goose’s winter habitats, the goose faces no significant natural predation.
2.A manufacturer of workstations for computer-aided design seeks to increase sales to its most important corporate customers. Its strategy is to publish very low list prices for workstations in order to generate interest among the buyers for those corporations.
Which of the following, if characteristic of the marketplace, would tend to cause the manufacture’s strategy to fail? （C为何不正确）
A.The proposed list prices would seem low to a typical buyer for the manufacturer’s most important corporate customers.
B.The capabilities of workstations suitable for given jobs are not significantly different among various manufactures.
C.The manufacturer’s most important corporate customers employ as buyers persons who are very knowledgeable about prices for workstations for customer-aided design.
D.customers differ significantly in the percentage of resources they can devote to computer workstations.
E. E. Buyers for corporations that purchase workstations for computer-aided design receive bonuses for negotiating large discounts from the list price.
3.In two months, the legal minimum wage in the country of Kirlandia will increase from five Kirlandic dollars(KD5.00) Per hour to KD5.50 per hour. Opponents of this increase have argued that the resulting rise in wages will drive the inflation rate up. In fact its impact on wages will probably be negligible, since only a very small proportion of all Kirfandic workers are currently receiving less than KD5.50 per hour.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument? （答案B和C均可，相比之下哪一个更好？）
A. Most people in kirlandia who are currently earning the minimum wage have been employed at their current jobs for less than a year.
B. Some firms in Kirlandia have paid workers considerably less than KD5.00per hour, in violation of kirlandic employment regulations.
C. Many businesses hire trainees at or near the minimum wage but mustreward trained workers by keeping their paylevels above the pay levelof trainees.
D. The greatest growth in Kirlandia’s economy in recent years has been in those sectors where workers earn wages that tend to be much higherthan the minimum wage.
E The current minimum wage is insufficient for a worker holding only one jobto earn enough to support a family ,even when working full time at that job.
4.Plankton generally thrive in areas of the ocean with sufficient concentrations of certain nitrogen compounds near the surface where plankton live. Nevertheless, some areas, though rich in these nitrogen compounds, have few plankton. These areas have particularly low concentrations of iron, and oceanographers hypothesize that this shortage of iron prevents plankton from thriving. However, an experimental release of iron compounds into one such area failed to produce a thriving plankton population, even though local iron concentrations increased immediately.
Which of the following, if true, argues most strongly against concluding, on the basis of the information above, that the oceanographers’ hypothesis is false?
A: Not all of the nitrogen compounds that are sometimes found in relatively high concentrations in the oceans are nutrients for plankton.
B: Certain areas of the ocean support an abundance of plankton despite having particularly low concentrations of iron.
C: The release of the iron compounds did not increase the supply of nitrogen compounds in the area.
D: A few days after the iron compounds were released, ocean currents displaced the iron-rich water from the surface.
E: The iron compounds released into the area occur naturally in areas of the ocean where plankton thrive.
5.A major chemical spill occurred five years ago at Baker’s Beach, the world’s sole nesting ground for Merrick sea turtles, and prevented nearly all the eggs laid that year from hatching.Yet the number of adult female Merricks returning to lay their eggs at Baker’s Beach has actually increased somewhat since five years ago.Clearly, environmentalists’ prediction that the world’s Merrick population would decline as a result of the spill has proven unfounded.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument offered in refutation of the environmentalists’ prediction?
A.The chemical spill five years ago occurred at a time when there were neither Merrick sea turtles nor Merrick sea turtle eggs on Baker’s Beach.
B.Female Merrick sea turtles begin returning to Baker’s Beach to lay their eggs when they are ten years old.
C.Under normal conditions, only a small proportion of hatchling female Merrick sea turtles survive in the ocean until adulthood and return to lay their eggs at Baker’s Beach.
D.Environmental pressures unrelated to the chemical spill have caused a significant decline in the population of one of the several species of sea birds that prey on Merrick sea turtle eggs.
E.After the chemical spill, an environmental group rejected a proposal to increase the Merrick sea turtle population by transferring eggs from Baker’s Beach to nearby beaches that had not been affected by the spill.
6.The spacing of the four holes on a fragment of a bone flute excavated at a Neanderthal campsite is just what is required to play the third through sixth notes of the diatonic scale—the seven-note musical scale used in much of Western music since the Renaissance.Musicologists therefore hypothesize that the diatonic musical scale was developed and used thousands of years before it was adopted by Western musicians.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the hypothesis?
A.Bone flutes were probably the only musical instrument made by Neanderthals.
B.No musical instrument that is known to have used a diatomic scale is of an earlier date than the flute found at the Neanderthal campsite.
C.The flute was made from a cave-bear bone and the campsite at which the flute fragment was excavated was in a cave that also contained skeletal remains of cave bears.
D.Flutes are the simplest wind instrument that can be constructed to allow playing a diatonic scale.
E.The cave-bear leg bone used to make the Neanderthal flute would have been long enough to make a flute capable of playing a complete diatonic scale.
7.In general, jobs are harder to get in times of economic recession because many businesses cut back operations.However, any future recessions in Vargonia will probably not reduce the availability of teaching jobs at government-funded schools.This is because Vargonia has just introduced a legal requirement that education in government-funded schools be available, free of charge, to all Vargonian children regardless of the state of the economy, and that current student-teacher ratios not be exceeded.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
A.The current student-teacher ratio at Vargonia’s government-funded schools is higher than it was during the most recent period of economic recession.
B.During recent periods when the Vargonian economy has been strong, almost 25 percent of Vargonian children have attended privately funded schools, many of which charge substantial fees.
C.Nearly 20 percent more teachers are currently employed in Vargonia’s government-funded schools than had been employed in those schools in the period before the last economic recession.
D.Teachers in Vargonia’s government-funded schools are well paid relative to teachers in most privately funded schools in Vargonia, many of which rely heavily on part-time teachers.
E.During the last economic recession in Vargonia, the government permanently closed a number of the schools that it had funded.
8.Three large companies and seven small companies currently manufacture a product with potential military applications.If the government regulates the industry, it will institute a single set of manufacturing specifications to which all ten companies will have to adhere.In this case, therefore, since none of the seven small companies can afford to convert their production lines to a new set of manufacturing specifications, only the three large companies will be able to remain in business.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the author’s argument relies? （B为何不正确）
A.None of the three large companies will go out of business if the government does not regulate the manufacture of the product.
B.It would cost more to convert the production lines of the small companies to a new set of manufacturing specifications than it would to convert the production lines of the large companies.
C.Industry lobbyists will be unable to dissuade the government from regulating the industry.
D.Assembly of the product produced according to government manufacturing specifications would be more complex than current assembly procedures.
E.None of the seven small companies currently manufactures the product to a set of specifications that would match those the government would institute if the industry were to be regulated.
9.Exposure to certain chemicals commonly used in elementary schools as cleaners or pesticides causes allergic reactions in some children.Elementary school nurses in Renston report that the proportion of schoolchildren sent to them for treatment of allergic reactions to those chemicals has increased significantly over the past ten years.Therefore, either Renston’s schoolchildren have been exposed to greater quantities of the chemicals, or they are more sensitive to them than schoolchildren were ten years ago.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? （D为何不正确）
A.The number of school nurses employed by Renston’s elementary schools has not decreased over the past ten years.
B.Children who are allergic to the chemicals are no more likely than other children to have allergies to other substances.
C.Children who have allergic reactions to the chemicals are not more likely to be sent to a school nurse now than they were ten years ago.
D.The chemicals are not commonly used as cleaners or pesticides in houses and apartment buildings in Renston.
E.Children attending elementary school do not make up a larger proportion of Renston’s population now than they did ten years ago.
10.Agricultural societies cannot exist without staple crops. Several food plants, such as kola and okra, are known to have been domesticated in western Africa, but they are all supplemental, not staple, foods. All the recorded staple crops grown in western Africa were introduced from elsewhere, beginning, at some unknown date, with rice and yams. Therefore, discovering when rice and yams were introduced into western Africa would establish the earliest date at which agricultural societies could have arisen there.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? （B中的are换成were，正确么？）
A. People in western Africa did not develop staple crops that they stopped cultivating once rice and yams were introduced.
B. There are no plants native to western Africa that, if domesticated, could serve as staple food crops.
C. Rice and yams were grown as staple crops by the earliest agricultural societies outside of western Africa.
D. Kola and okra are better suited to growing conditions in western Africa than domesticated rice and yams are.
E. Kola and okra were domesticated in western Africa before rice and yams were introduced there.
11.The Earth’s rivers constantly carry dissolved salts into its oceans.Clearly, therefore, by taking the resulting increase in salt levels in the oceans over the past hundred years and then determining how many centuries of such increases it would have taken the oceans to reach current salt levels from a hypothetical initial salt-free state, the maximum age of the Earth’s oceans can be accurately estimated.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A.The quantities of dissolved salts deposited by rivers in the Earth’s oceans have not been unusually large during the past hundred years.
B.At any given time, all the Earth’s rivers have about the same salt levels.
C.There are salts that leach into the Earth’s oceans directly from the ocean floor.
D.There is no method superior to that based on salt levels for estimating the maximum age of the Earth’s oceans.
E.None of the salts carried into the Earth’s oceans by rivers are used up by biological activity in the oceans.
12. Most household appliances use electricity only when in use. Many microwave ovens, however, have built-in clocks and so use some electricity even when they are not in use. The clocks each consume about 45 kilowatt-hours per year. Therefore, households whose microwave oven has no built-in clock use 45 kilowatt-hours per year less, on average, than do comparable households whose microwave oven is otherwise similar but has a built-in clock.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? (A为何不正确）
A)Households that do not have a microwave oven use less energy per year, on average, than do households that have a microwave oven.
B)Microwave ovens with a built-in clock do not generally cost more to buy than microwave ovens without a built-in clock.
C)All households that have a microwave oven also have either a gas oven or a conventional electric oven.
D)Households whose microwave oven does not have a built-in clock are no more likely to have a separate electric clock plugged in than households whose microwave oven has one
E)There are more households that have a microwave oven with a built-in clock than there are households that have a microwave oven without a built-in clock.
13.When a new restaurant, Martin’s Cafe, opened in Riverville last year, many people predicted that business at the Wildflower Inn, Riverville’s only other restaurant, would suffer from the competition.Surprisingly, however, in the year since Martin’s Cafe opened, the average number of meals per night served at the Wildflower Inn has increased significantly.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increase? (C为何不正确）
A.Unlike the Wildflower Inn, Martin’s Cafe serves considerably more meals on weekends than it does on weekdays.
B.Most of the customers of Martin’s Cafe had never dined in Riverville before this restaurant opened, and on most days Martin’s Cafe attracts more customers than it can seat.
C.The profit per meal is higher, on average, for meals served at Martin’s Cafe than for those served at the Wildflower Inn.
D.The Wildflower Inn is not open on Sundays, and therefore Riverville residents who choose to dine out on that day must either eat at Martin’s Cafe or go to neighboring towns to eat.
E.A significant proportion of the staff at Martin’s Cafe are people who formerly worked at the Wildflower Inn and were hired away by the owner of Martin’s Café.
Which of the following most logically completes the passage?
Concerned about financial well-being of its elderly citizens, the government of Runagia decided two years ago to increase by 20 percent the government-provided pension paid to all Runagians over 65.Inflation in the intervening period has been negligible, and the increase has been duly received by all eligible Runagians.Nevertheless, many of them are no better off financially than they were before the increase, in large part because ________.
A.They rely entirely on the government pension for their income
B.Runagian banks are so inefficient that it can take up to three weeks to cash a pension check
C.They buy goods whose prices tend to rise especially fast in times of inflation
D.The pension was increased when the number of elderly Runagians below the poverty level reached an all-time high
E.In Runagia children typically supplement the income of elderly parents, but only by enough to provide them with a comfortable living
15.Museums that house Renaissance oil paintings typically store them in environments that are carefully kept within narrow margins of temperature and humidity to inhibit any deterioration. Laboratory tests have shown that the kind of oil paint used in these paintings actually adjusts to climatic changes quite well. If, as some museum directors believe, paint is the most sensitive substance in these works, then by relaxing the standards for temperature and humidity control, museums can reduce energy costs without risking damage to these paintings. Museums would be rash to relax those standards, however, since results of preliminary tests indicate that gesso, a compound routinely used by Renaissance artists to help paint adhere to the canvas, is unable to withstand significant variations in humidity.
In the argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
A.The first is an objection that has been raised against the position taken by the argument; the second is the position taken by the argument.
B.The first is the position taken by the argument; the second is the position that the
argument calls into question.
C.The first is a judgment that has been offered in support of the position that the argument calls into question; the second is a circumstance on which that judgment is, in part based.
D.The first is a judgment that has been offered in support of the position that the argument calls into question; the second is that position.
E.The first is a claim that the argument calls into question; the second is the position
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发表于 2010-3-31 17:25:28
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