用的资料是GZW老师分析过的PREP老版，有明显标记的地方是自己的分析。
我也不确定我的想法对不对，正好大家可以一起发现问题积累人品。
感谢小Bee的无私帮助。
Practice Test #1 Critical Reasoning (72 Questions)
1. (24179-!-item-!-188;#058&000705)
Although fullerenes--spherical molecules made entirely ofcarbon--were first found in the laboratory, they have since been found innature, formed in fissures of the rare mineral shungite. Since laboratory synthesis of fullerenesrequires distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure, this discovery should givegeologists a test case for evaluating hypotheses about the state of the Earth'scrust at the time these naturally occurring fullerenes were formed.
Which of the following, if true, most seriouslyundermines the argument?
(A) Confirming that the shungite genuinely containedfullerenes took careful experimentation.
(B) Some fullerenes havealso been found on the remains of a small meteorite that collided with aspacecraft.
(C) The mineral shungite itself contains large amounts ofcarbon, from which the fullerenes apparently formed.
(D) The naturallyoccurring fullerenes are arranged in a previously unknown crystallinestructure.
(E) Shungite itself is formed only under distinctiveconditions.
à结论：this discovery可以检测state of the earth’s crust at the time fullerenes were formed.
à正确答案作用：此discovery对于检测the state of Earth’s crust at the time fullerenes没有用
à思考：1. 回溯原因：”discovery有没有用”一定与fullerenes相关，因为本题的最根本原因就是fullerenes. 因此一定是fullerenes让this discovery不能来检测地壳状态；
à选项分析：E: 没有提到fullerenes，干掉！;
B: 有模糊词some，然而文章结论无绝对词，干掉!;
C: fullerenes是如何形成的，跟检测the state of earth’s crust无关；
A: 是迷惑的选项。confirming矿石含有fullerenes 需要仔细实验，说明要在矿石中发现fullerenes挺麻烦，但是并不能说明发现fullerenes会对检测fullerenes产生影响；
D: fullerenes晶体结构我们不知道，无法从它来了解the state of earth’s crust. 正确答案！
à词汇扩展: fissures, crust, meteorite, crystalline
This discovery should give geologists a test case forevaluating hypotheses about the state of the Earth's crust at the time thesenaturally occurring fullerenes were formed.
2. (24227-!-item-!-188;#058&000711)
Economist: Onaverage, the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries resultingfrom a fall costs $11,000. A newtherapeutic program can significantly reduce an elderly person's chances offalling. Though obviously desirable formany reasons, this treatment program will cost $12,500 and thus cannot bejustified.
Which of the following, if true, most seriouslyundermines the conclusion of the argument?
(A) Among elderly people who had followed the program foronly a few months, the number of serious falls reported was higher than it wasfor people who had followed the program for its recommended minimum length ofone year.无关
(B) Falls resulting in serious injuries are less commonamong elderly people living in nursing homesthan they are among elderly people who live alone at home.无关比较
(C) A frequent result of injuries sustained in falls islong-term pain, medication for which is not counted among the average per-person costsof emergency treatment for elderly people's injuries from such falls.
(D) The new therapeutic program focuses on therapies other than medication, since overmedication can causedisorientation and hence increase the likelihood that an elderly person willhave a serious fall.出现扩大词，必错。
(E) A significant portion of the cost of the newtherapeutic program is represented by regular visits by health careprofessionals, the costs of which tend to increase more rapidly than do thoseof other elements of the program.麻痹你的。。。来了。。。这个和这个program能不能被justified没有关系。。。虽然说提到了cost和新计划。。。
A和B比较。A表面上有明显的缺点，相对于B来说。那么人们还依旧选A。原因就在于，A必有一个大家特别特别care的闪光点让大家都喜欢，从而不喜欢B了。
这题里头，即使A比老的贵，但是新的包括了medicion的价钱，而老的没有。。这个价钱又是大家特别特别care的。。所以大家都愿意去搞A不愿意要老的了。
如果变成解释，为什么大家都不愿意去选B而是要选A。答案也是因为有个别的原因可以解释。。如果是大家为什么都不愿意选A而是要选B，则答案变成了因为A比B贵。。。因为原文有提到原因，直接选出。
如果是加强：原因也是也是因为贵了，所以大家不愿意去买。
如果是假设：则是can not bejustified 的原因取非可以weaken的。
à原因：this treatment program will cost $12,500
à正确答案作用：new program can be justified.
à思考：1. 回溯原因：new program可不可以被justified, 决定因素就是cost的高低，所以答案一定跟钱有关系，特别是cost。一定是说new program的cost其实不高;
à选项分析：A: 没有提到钱，并且比较对象在文中未出现：people who hadfollowed the program for its recommended minimum length of one year在文中未出现；出现比较的对象要去看他的有效性。。
B: 没有提到钱，并且比较对象在文中未出现: elderly peopleliving in nursing homes同类错
D: 没有提到钱，并且有范围扩大词“other than”, 文中确定没有提高除medication之外的其它方式，干掉！
E: 提到了钱，意思上是说new program中的有一部分cost高于另一部分。但是比较对象在文中为出现：hose of other elements of the program.
C: 老的emergency treatment的cost，有很大一部分没有被算进去，如果被算进去，老的emergency treatment的cost就会上升，有可能高于new program, 那new program can be justified. 正确选项。
à知识点：确认原因结论，回溯原因，无关比较，范围扩大词
Among elderly people who had followed the program foronly a few months, the number of serious falls reported was higher than it wasfor people who had followed the program for its recommended minimum length ofone year.
3. (24275-!-item-!-188;#058&000768)
The prairie vole, a small North American grasslandrodent, breeds year-round, and a group of voles living together consists primarilyof an extended family, often including two or more litters. Voles commonly live in large groups from lateautumn through winter; from spring through early autumn, however, most voleslive in far smaller groups. The seasonal variation in group size can probably beexplained by a seasonal variation in mortality among young voles.
Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for the explanation offered? 加强 没有别的原因。而且是用解释和举例子来加强。
(A) It is in the spring and early summer that prairievole communities generally contain the highest proportion of young voles. 这个是举了反例，有削弱的作用。没有加强。说明Group和mortality灭有关系。
(B) Prairie vole populations vary dramatically in sizefrom year to year.没有关系yr to yr神马的。
(C) The prairie vole subsists primarily on broad-leavedplants that are abundant only in spring. 反了。那么在春天他们group size会大啊。然后和题目条件反了，而且和死亡率没有大关系吧。难不成冬天他们没有吃的所以group size大嘛。。。
(D) Winters in the prairie voles' habitat are oftenharsh, with temperatures that drop well below freezing.描述了winter的现象。然后啦。。。
(E) Snakes, amajor predator of young prairie voles, are active only from spring throughearly autumn.一个神奇的物种出现了。会直接影响V的多少。而且这个东西和season变化有关系。于是乎，正确答案。
à解释：a seasonal variation in mortality among young voles.
à现象：The seasonal variation in group size
à正确答案作用：确实是因为seasonal variation in mortality导致的seasonal variation in group size
à思考：1. 加强解释有两种方式：一, “没有此原因就没有此结果”这个神马出现的原因就是原文出现的那个原因。如果这个原因没有出现，那么原文神马也不会出现。没有A也就没有B。有A就有B。这个情况一般是指在题目问explain等等的点的时候。不是问逻辑链条。于是乎~一般就是原文中仅仅出现了一个原因A影响B，于是就用这种方法。A是产生B的唯一原因。二，“用另外一个原因来解释这个“解释”；这种方法使架桥。就是在问逻辑链条的时候用，解释就是这个原因A导致了B的产生。于是乎~从侧面削弱别的原因。而且别的原因原文中也有说到。所以这个必有关系，而且新的架桥，在原文里头必可以找到。。如果是第一种，那答案就是如果mortality不变，group szie也不变；如果是第二种，那答案就是解释了为什么“mortality amongyoung voles会变化” 2. 第一种答案通常是“类比”举例子；第二种像“解释题”，无论如何都会出现“新词”“新概念”
C: 文章中说在spring, group size较小，而C选项却说vole吃的东西只有在spring有；
D: 冬天天气很差，这是一个另外的原因来解释了现象(group size)，不正确；
E: 有新词新概念，很好。蛇经常在春天到秋天早期活动。这解释了为什么mortality会变化，用另外一个原因解释了文章中的“解释（mortality）”。 正确答案；
à词汇扩展：breed, mortality, variation, prairie
The prairie vole, a small North American grasslandrodent, breeds year-round, and a group of voles living together consistsprimarily of an extended family, often including two or more litters.
4. (24323-!-item-!-188;#058&000813)
A popular beach has long had a dolphin feeding program inwhich fish are given to dolphins several times a day; many dolphins get as muchas half of their food each day there. Although dolphins that first benefit from the program as adults arehealthy and long-lived, their offspring have a lower life expectancy thanoffspring of dolphins that feed exclusively in the wild.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the lower lifeexpectancy of offspring of dolphins feeding at the beach compared to otheryoung dolphins?
加强题目。两个dolphin的difference就在于Programme。
加强的话，那么就是这个program对dolphin的life expectancy有影响。如果没有P，这没有这种differ。如果有P，则有这种D。削弱别的可能性，加强结果就是由P产生的。
如果是削弱的话，就是别的原因导致了这个结果的出现。
如果是解释，为什么dolphin有这样那样的不同，必然是P的出现，导致这两个的不同。
(A) Sharks that prey on dolphins are less common in theopen seas off the beach than in many other areas of the open seas wheredolphins congregate. 关鲨鱼毛事。。。+扩大范围了。。
(B) Many of the adult dolphins that feed at the beach arefemales that nurse their offspring there.关女海豚毛事。。。出现了Adult dolphin， 麻痹选项。。
(C) The fish given to the dolphins at the beach are thesame types of fish that dolphins typically catch in the wild. 这个鱼又不是补药。。。没关系。。。
(D) Many dolphins that feed at the beach with theiroffspring come to the beach only a few times a month.这个选项想表达什么。。我没有get到。。
(E) Adult dolphins that feed at the beach spend much less time teaching their offspring how to catch fish in the wild than do otheradult dolphins.因为这个老海豚没有办法教小海豚们怎么捕食，于是肯定活不下去了。。看关键的红字，原文中都有提到。就是正确选项。。
à需要解释的现象：Their offspring have a lower life expectancy than offspringof dolphins that feed exclusively in the wild.
à现象分析：1. 此现象为一个“比较”的现象，所以优先考虑“比较”的选项；
2. 此现象中含有“地点beach”, 所以优先考虑含有“地点beach”的选项；
à选项分析：A：many other是范围扩大词，文中没有提到过所有的dolphin，并且比较的两个对象与需要解释的现象中的两个对象有差距；
E: 是比较的选项，并且含有地点beach. 因为此beach上的成年dolphin比起其它的成年dolphin教后代捕鱼的时间少，所以他们后代的生命更短；
à词汇扩展：dolphin, expectancy, offspring | 
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发表于 2011-11-8 01:37:00
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