Q4 to Q7:
The term “episodic memory” was
introduced by Tulving to refer to what he
considered a uniquely human capacity—
Line the ability to recollect specific past events,
(5) to travel back into the past in one’s own
mind—as distinct from the capacity simply
to use information acquired through past
experiences. Subsequently, Clayton et al.
developed criteria to test for episodic
(10) memory in animals. According to these
criteria, episodic memories are not of
individual bits of information; they involve
multiple components of a single event
“bound” together. Clayton sought to
(15) examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate
memory of “what,” “where,” and “when”
information and their binding of this infor-
mation. In the wild, these birds store food
for retrieval later during periods of food
(20) scarcity. Clayton’s experiment required
jays to remember the type, location, and
freshness of stored food based on a unique
learning event. Crickets were stored in one
location and peanuts in another. Jays
(25) prefer crickets, but crickets degrade
more quickly. Clayton’s birds switched
their preference from crickets to peanuts
once the food had been stored for a certain
length of time, showing that they retain
(30) information about the what, the where,
and the when. Such experiments cannot,
however, reveal whether the birds were
reexperiencing the past when retrieving the
information. Clayton acknowledged this by
using the term “episodic-like” memory.
Q6:
The passage suggests that Clayton’s experiment demonstrated scrub jays’ ability to
- choose different storage places for different kinds of food to minimize the rate at which a food will degrade
- unlearn a behavior they use in the wild in order to adapt to laboratory conditions
- bind together information about different aspects of a single past event
- reexperience a past event in memory and act accordingly
- distinguish one learning event from a subsequent learning event
Answer: A
看了关于该篇阅读的讨论，这道题和大家选的不一样，也没有找到关于这道题的讨论，somebody could help me out?
我这道题选A的原因如下：
C试验的目的是： Clayton sought to examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate memory of “what,” “where,” and “when” information and their binding of this information. 有两个目的：1，关于时间，地点，什么的记忆能力；2，将这些信息binding在一起的能力。
试验的结果是： showing that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when. 就是说C的第一个目的得到了验证。
试验的过程：
1. 关于时间、地点、什么的记忆能力的具体体现是： Clayton’s experiment required jays to remember the type, location, and freshness of stored food based on a unique learning event.
2. 具体的试验经过：Crickets were stored in one location and peanuts in another. Jays prefer crickets, but crickets degrade（freshness） more quickly. Clayton’s birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time, --这句话的意思是，crickets被储存在一个地方，而peanuts在另一个地方，jays喜欢crickets但它容易变质，这时，一旦食物被存放的时间过长，Jays就会改变他们的习性（习惯）转而去食用peanuts。
结合以上文章内容：
选项A: choose different storage places(one location and another) for different kinds of food(Crickets and peanuts) to minimize the rate at which a food will degrade.(the food had been stored for a certain length of time, 即freshness)--A选项的意思是：c的实验证明了，JAYs能够从不同的存储的地方寻求不同种类的食物，以将食物变质的速率降低，我认为正符合了上面那段话所表达的内容，也符合了C et al设计试验的内容和初衷。
请NN指出A的错误；
关于C选项，是否最终证明了binding information的能力，文章没有具体说明，个人认为的观点是：最终没能证明；原因如下：
关于em的标准，正如C et al所发展的一样，不是仅仅关于某一个事件的独立片断，而是 they involve multiple components of a single event “bound” together. 而when\where\what只是一个事件的某一个片断，这也是为什么在文章的最后，会有这样的句子： Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were able to reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information. 因为C 没有能够证明鸟类有将这些单独的片断bind在一起的能力，所以鸟类不能狗reexperiencing the past.
open to discussion（请NN指点；先谢了！）
P.S. 我的答案是：BCAB
正是由于这道题的理解，是我将第七题的E迅速排除
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发表于 2005-6-21 17:46:00
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