[原创]{德克的猪} 写作 New Version {更新ing}

TOEFL writing

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            德克的猪@CD

写在之前:

  其实之前有写过一篇,阅读量到达了20000多,但是我个人觉得那个帖子还是有很多的不足,所以,经过一段时间的思考过后,我决定写一个更好的写作帖子-因为如果我要给每个发作文的人都进行具体的修改,这样时间上是不允许的,我也没有那么多精力.所以以后大家可以多多参考这个帖子.

综述:

  iBT TOEFL的写作部分分为integrated writing和independent writing. Integrated writing在前,形式为先看一段阅读材料(字数200-300),然后听一个简短的lecture(2-3分钟),然后你有20分钟完成一篇字数在180-225(这个是官方规定的,但实际上考试中的字数很有可能超过300,但是不必担心,超字数是不扣分的).真实考试中的综合作文,听力很简单-听力都是反对阅读材料,而且每点对应,语速友善.同时,综合写作对于语言没有特别的要求-你只要可以复述听力内容就是高分(当然,不能有太多的拼写和语法错误).所以,综合写作我不准备多讲,该帖的中心在独立写作上.

  Independent writing其实就是PBT TOEFL的TWE-两者的题目形式,评分规则都基本是一样的,只不过TWE的满分是6而iBT independent writing的满分是5分.ETS官方并没有说independent writing和integrated writing在写作满分30分中的分量,但是现在主流的观点是:independent writing和integrated writing的分数分量是相同的,也就是half/half. 但是,independent writing还是更重要,因为它是integrated writing的基础,同时,它更难拿高分.所以,准备TOEFL写作,应该把90%以上的精力都放在independent writing上面.Integrated writing只需要练习一下OG上的即可,如果时间充裕,可以练习Delta和Barron(Delta和Barron的integrated writing的难度远远超过的真实考试.).

  那么independent writing中什么最重要呢?我以前的回答是:语言,逻辑,结构(根据重要次序排列的).我现在依然坚持这样的观点,但是,我又有新的看法:一篇好的iBT作文,是写作共性(commonness)和个性(individuality)的结合.也就是:你在论证的方式上和文章的行文上,需要有议论文的共性,也就是,你的论证的思路,逻辑和结构是符合iBT independent writing作文和议论文的要求的.比如,通过一个理由来论证,符合共性的论证方式就是提出what,解释why,然后用例子证明how.无论是怎么有个性,要论证一个东西,都必须通过what, why, how来证明,这样就是符合共性.所谓的个性,也就是在符合作文大体的个性的前提下,通过你的language use还有其他的方面(论点的选择,具体结构的摆放等)来体现出你的个性.个性是必须的,因为共性是大部分人都有的,它可以保证你不得低分,但是光有共性是不可能得高分的.这个时候,我们需要用个性来吸引人,来打动raters,所以,有好的个性的作文是很容易得高分的.

  相信大家在看过这个综述过后,对于TOEFL写作应该有了一个比较具体的概念.

  Well, let us get into character. If you want to crack the TOEFL writing, this is the way to go.

The Topics of iBT TOEFL independent writing

首先,我们需要了解题目的类型,按照主流的方法应该分为:

1.       Agree or disagree[ 同意不同意型
            ](如:002 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents are the best teachers. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer)

2.       Preference[ 个人偏好型
            ](如:135 Some high schools require all students to wear school uniforms. Other high schools permit students to decide what to wear to school. Which of these two school policies do you think is better? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.)

3.       One/several[ 多选一型
            ](如: 142 A gift (such as a camera, a soccer ball, or an animal) can contribute to a child's development. What gift would you give to help a child develop? Why? Use reasons and specific examples to support your choice.)

4.       Particularize[ 列举型
            ](如: 174 Every generation of people is different in important ways. How is your generation different from your parents' generation? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your answer.)

5.       Reason[ 阐释原因型
            ](如:44 why do you think some people are attracted to dangerous sports or other dangerous activities? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer)

6.       Compare[ 比较型
            ](如:114 The government has announced that it plans to build a new university. Some people think that your community would be a good place to locate the university. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of establishing a new university in your community. Use specific details in your discussion.)

7.       Compare+Prefercen[ 比较并选择型
            ](如:110 When people move to another country, some of them decide to follow the customs of the new country. Others prefer to keep their own customs. Compare these two choices. Which one do you prefer? Support your answer with specific details.)

  虽然题目可以分为7种之多,但是,在真实考试中95%以上的可能性都是出现Agree or disagree或者preference类型的题目,而其他的类型都十分冷门.所以,练习的时候主要练习A/D和Pre两种题型,其他的5种,每种只要知道如何行文就可以了,不必在他们身上花太多的时间.

The Introduction 开头

开头的重要性

  好的开头是成功的一半,这句话在TOEFL writing中绝对适用.作文这个东西,它开头就如同人的脸面:同样是女人,美女得到的待遇是那些普通长相的女士们得到的无法比拟的.作文,也是这样的.其实人,是一种凭借经验判断的动物-你给他一个好的开头,他的第一印象是:你的作文水平不错.而人又是一种喜欢得到肯定的动物-为了肯定他对你的第一评价是正确的,他就会在你作文的BODY中找highlights,也就是长处来证明自己对你作文的第一印象是正确的,这样,在他努力寻找你作文中的highlights的时候,他就会放大你的优点,缩小你的缺点(人亦是一种不喜欢自我否定的动物),这样,你的作文的分数,就会因为你漂亮的开头而上扬,即便它本身没有那么好.反之,如果你的开头很烂,比如nowadays there is a heating debate on XXX. Some think A is good while others believe B is better. Different people hold different opinions. In my opinion, A is a better choice…这样,阅卷的raters对你作文的第一印象就是:这家伙不行,模版都用的这么丑陋.为了验证他的第一印象,他就会在后文中努力寻找你写作的缺点,也就是:优点被缩小,缺点被放大.最后的结果就是:即便你主体不错,但是分数也不高,因为开头给人家的印象不好.

  这样一说,相信大家应该深刻的认识到开头的重要性.

1.       General to Specific & Specific to General (后面简称GS和SG开头方式)

  所谓General to Specific,就是先在开头提出一个普遍的概念或者现象,然后通过过渡到达作文的TOPIC.而Specific to General就是通过在开头例举一个比TOPIC更specific的东西,来引出TOPIC.其实,TOEFL作文的TOPIC的概念是位于General和Specific之间的,也就是说,你既可以找到比TOPIC更general的概念,也可以找到比TOPIC更specific的实例.

  单独的这样说比较的抽象,下面是一些例子:

GS开头法例子(1)

TOPIC: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Only people who earn a lot of money are successful. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

INTRODUCTION: This is a skeptical age, although our faith in this or that has weakened a great deal-we have become less credulous, our belief in money still remains or to be more accurate, is even stronger, hence the interesting phenomenon that a multitude of people currently deem money as the most important or the only concern when they measure others’ success, which I would like to leave to doubt.

解析:此开头为经典的NCE4开头,开头的句子来自于NCE4的28课<医生和病人>(句子有稍许的修改).TOPIC为:是不是只有挣很多钱的人才成功.因为这里是GS开头,所以,我先写了一个比较大的社会现象:现在的人们变得多疑了,但是对钱的信仰是忠贞不渝的,所以很多人将钱作为最重要或者是唯一的考虑,当他们衡量一个人是否成功的时候.通过过渡,我们已经到达了题目,然后就是我们的观点,这里我用了一个从句which I would like to leave to doubt(我对这种方法不敢苟同)说明了自己的立场:我不同意only people who earn a lot of money are successful.

再回到这个开头:

This is a skeptical age(整体概况), although our faith in this or that has weakened a great deal-we have become less credulous, our belief in money still remains or to be more accurate, is even stronger(划线部分过渡到TOPIC), hence the interesting phenomenon that a multitude of people currently deem money as the most important or the only concern when they measure others’ success(划线部分引出题目), which I would like to leave to doubt(表明观点).

BODY

主体段是文章的核心, 一篇文章的成败就看主体段了.虽然在前面提到过:开头很重要,但是毕竟论证的本身在主体段,所以,即便开头有不足,在主体段也可以弥补;但如果是开头很华丽,主体苍白无力,那分数肯定是高不了的.

  首先需要讨论的是展开论证的具体格式.每篇TOEFL作文会有2-3个论点,这2-3个论点就构成了文章的主体段.而每个论点,都有固定的展开方式:首先,提出论点(give what),然后解释这个论点(explain why),最后证明你的论点的正确性(demonstrate how). What就是论点,why就是对于论点的explanation 然后how就是用例子来证明你的论点.通常情况下,中国学生的论证都只涉及到what和why,而忽略了how,也就是举例子.其实,外国人的论证思路和中国人是大相径庭的:外国人喜欢举例子来论证,而中国人喜欢抽象论证,也就是abstract explanation.外国人认为:没有例子就不足以服人,所以每个TOPIC里边都有use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.这样看来,文章中how的部分是必不可少的.

单词替换表

1.important=crucial(extremely important), significant(amount or effect large enough to be important)

2.common=universal, ubiquitous(if something is ubiquitous, it seems to be everywhere)

3.abundant=ample(enough and usually extra), plentiful(enough for people's needs and wants)

4.stick=adhere, cling(hold on something tightly)

5.neglect=ignore.(difference: neglect means someone has not paid enough attention to something; ignore means no attention.)

6.near=adjacent(two things next to each other), adjoin(the same as adjacent)

7.pursue=woo(man woos woman, old-fashioned), seek(if you seek sth, you try to obtain it. FORMAL)

8.accurate=precise(precise is exact and accurate in all details), exact(correct in every detail)

9.vague=obscure(unknown or known by only a few people)

10.top=peak, summit

11.competitor=rival, opponent(especially in sports and politics)

12.blame=condemn(if you condemn something, you say it is very bad and unacceptable)

13.opinon=perspective, standpoint(means looking at an event or situation in a particular way)

14.fame=prestige(describe those who are admired), reputation

15.build=erect(you can erect something as buildings, FORMAL), establish

16.insult=humiliate(do something or say something which makes people feel ashamed or stupid)

17.complain=grumble(complain something in a bad-tempered way)

18.primary=radical(very important and great in degree), fundamental

19.relieve=alleviate(alleviate means you make pain or sufferings less intense or severe)

20.force=coerce sb into(coerce means you make someone do something s/he does not want to), compel

21.enlarge=magnify(magnify means make something larger than it really is)

22.complex=intricate(if something is intricate, it often has many small parts and details)

23.lonely=solitary(if someone is solitary, there is no one near him/her)

24.small=minuscule(very small), minute

25.praise=extol(stronger than praise), compliment(polite and political)

26.hard-working=assiduous(someone who is assiduous works hard or does things very  thoroughly)

27.difficult=arduous(if something is arduous, it is difficult and tiring, and involves a lot of efforts)

28.poor(soil)=barren, infertile(used to describe the soil is so poor that plants cannot be planted on it)

29.fragile=brittle, vulnerable(someone who is vulnerable is easily hurt emotionally or physically)

30.show=demonstrate(to demonstrate a fact means to make it clear to people.)

31.big=massive(large in size, quantity, or extent) 32.avoid=shun(if someone shuns something, s/he deliberately avoid that something or keep away from it.)

33.fair=impartial(someone who is impartial is able to give a fair opinion or decision on something.)

34.attack=assault(physically attack someone), assail(attack violently)

35.dislike=abhor(abhor means you hate something to a extreme extent for moral reasons), loathe(dislike very much)

36.ruin=devastate(it means damage something very badly, or utterly destroy it.)

37.disaster=catastrophe(a catastrophe is an unexpected event that cause great suffering and damages)

38.finally=eventually(especially after a lot of delays), ultimately(after complicated series of events)

39.always=invariably(the same as always, but better than always)

40.forever=perpetual(a perpetual state never changes), immutable(something immutable will never change or be changed)

41.surprise=startle(it means surprise you slightly), astound(surprise you to a large degree), astonish(the same as astound)

42.enthusiasm=zeal(a great enthusiasm), fervency(sincere and enthusiasm)

43.quiet=tranquil(calm and peaceful), serene(calm and quiet)

44.expensive=exorbitant(it means too expensive that it should be)

45.luxurious=lavish(impressive and very expensive), sumptuous(grand and very expensive)

46.boring=tedious(if you describe something tedious, you mean it is boring and frustrating)

47.respect=esteem(if you esteem someone, you respect and admire him/her. FORMAL)

48.worry=fret(if you fret about something, you worry about it)

49.cold=chilly(unpleasantly cold), icy(extremely cold)

50.hot=boiling(very hot)

51.dangerous=perilous(very dangerous, hazardous(dangerous, especially to people's safety and health)

52.nowadays=currently

53.only=unique(the only one of its kind), distinctive

54.stop=cease(if something ceases, it stops happening or existing)

55.part=component(the components of something are the parts that it is made of)

56.result=consequence(the results or effects of something)

57.obvious=apparent, manifest

58.based on=derived from

59.remarkable=conspicuous(if something is conspicuous, people can see or notice them very easily)

60.quite=fairly

61.pathetic=lamentable(very uncomfortable and disappointing)

62.field=domain(a particular field of thought, activities or interest)

63.appear=emerge(come into existence)

64.whole=entire(the whole of something)

65.wet=moist(slightly wet), damp(slightly wet), humid(very damp and hot)

66.wrong=erroneous(incorrect or partly correct)

67.difficult=formidable

68.change=convert(change into another form)

69.typical=quintessential(this word means represent a typical example of something)

70.careful=cautious(very careful in order to avoid danger), prudent(careful and sensible)

71.ability=capacity, capability(the same as ability)

72.strange=eccentric(if some one is eccentric, s/he behaves in a strange way, or his/her opinion is different from most people)

73.rich=affluent(if you are affluent, you have a lot of money)

74.use=utilize(the same as use)

75.dubious=skeptical(if you are skeptical about something, you have doubts on it.)

76.satisfy=gratify(if you are gratified by something, it gives you pleasure and satisfaction)

77.short=fleeting, ephemeral(if something is ephemeral, it lasts a short time)

78.scholarship=fellowship

79.angry=enraged(extremely angry)

80.smelly=malodorous(used to describe an unpleasant smell)

81.ugly=hideous(if something is hideous, it is very ugly or unattractive)

82.attractive=appealing(pleasing and attractive), absorbing(something absorbing can attract you a great deal)

83.diverse=miscellaneous(a miscellaneous groups consists of many different kinds of things)

84.disorder=disarray, chaos

85.crazily=frantically(used to describe someone who behaves in a wild and uncontrolled way)

86.rapid=meteoric(ATTENTION: meteoric is only used to describe someone achieves success quickly)

87.ordinary=mundane(very ordinary and not at interesting or unusual)

88.despite=notwithstanding(FORMAL)

89.best=optimal(used to describe the best level something can achieve)

90.sharp=acute(severe and intense)

91.unbelievable=inconceivable(if you deem something inconceivable, you think it very unlike to happen)

92.puzzle=perplex(something perplex someone means it confuses and worries him/her because he/she does not understand it)

93.method=avenue(a way of getting something done)

94.famous=distinguished(used to describe people who are successful in their career)

95.ancient=archaic(extremely old and extremely old-fashioned)

96.decorate=embellish(embellish means make something look more attractive via decorating it with something else)

97.possible=feasible(if something is feasible, it can be done, made or achieved)

98.so=consequently, accordingly

99.rare=infrequent(does not happen often)

100.greedy=rapacious(greedy and selfish)

短语

101.in my opinion=from my perspective

102.very much=a great deal

103.for example=to give a demonstration

104.however=as a matter of fact, it is the other way around

105.agree with=uphold(support and maintain)

106.be full of=be saturated with(be filled with sth completely)

107.by=via

108.according to=in the light of

109.when it comes to=in terms of

110.from a XXX perspective=in XXX sense

111.find a job=land a job

112.latest=up to date

113.achieve a goal=attain an accomplishment

114.at the same time=simultaneously

115.at the start of=on the threshold of

116.certainly=to a certain extent

117.with doubt=indubitably

118.in XXX means=via XXX avenue

119.disagree with=be the last one to uphold

120.as fast as=apace with

单词

121.awful=nauseous(if something makes you nauseous, you want to vomit)

122.lack=scarcity(if there is a scarcity of something, there is not enough of it for people)

123.suddenly=abruptly(very sudden and often unpleasant)

124.agree=espouse(the same as agree with)

125.immortal=eternal(something that is eternal can last forever)

126.gigantic=enormous(very large in size or amount)

127.horrible=macabre(strange and horrible or upsetting)

128.generous=munificient(very genrous, FORMAL)

129.advantage=merit(if something has merit, it has good or worthwhile qualities)

130.happy=jovial(if someone is jovial, s/he is happy and behaves in a cheerful way)

131.sad=inconsolable(extremely sad and cannot be comforted)

132.brave=gallant(if someone is gallant, s/he behaves bravely)

133.disappear=vanish(ATTENTION:vanish means disappear suddenly or in a way cannot be explained)

134.difference=divergence(a divergence is a difference between two or more things, opinions or attitudes)

135.repeat=iterate

136.effective=efficacious(the same as effective, FORMAL)

137.dishonest=mendacious(a mendacious person is someone who lies)

138.talkative=loquacious(if someone is loquacious, s/he talk a great deal)

139.think over=contemplate(think carefully), ruminate on(think carefully)

140.tendency=vogue(in vogue means very popular)

141.protect from=shield from(the same as protect from)

142.lazy=slothful(lazy and unwilling to make an effort to work), indolent(lazy, FORMAL)

143.limited=finite(something that is finite has a definite fixed size or amount)

144.disadvantage=defect(a fault or imperfection in a person or thing)

145.useless/in vain=futile(ATTENTION: if you say something is futile, you mean there is no point of doing, usually it has no chance of succeeding)

146.undeniable=there is no gainsaying(FORMAL)

147.potential=latent(used to describe something hidden or not obvious at the moment, but which can develop further in the future)

148.harmful=baneful

149.daring=audacious(someone who is audacious takes risk to achieve something)

150.talent=aptitude(someone's aptitude for a particular kind of work or activity is his/her ability to learn it quickly and to do it well)

151.waste=dissipate(dissipate means waste money, time or effort in a foolish way)

152.obstacle=stumbling block

153.many=a multitude of, a myriads of

154.good=superb(if something is superb, its quality is very good indeed)

155.random=haphazard

156.behave=conduct(if you conduct yourself in a particular way, you behave in that way)

157.kind of=sort of

158.loyalty=fidelity(fidelity is loyalty to a person, or organization, or set of beliefs)

159.embarrassing=awkward(an awkward situation is embarrassing and difficult to deal with)

160.building=edifice(ATTENTION: an edifice is a large and impressive building)

161.unendurable=unsufferable(if you say something is unsufferable, you are emphasizing that it is very unpleasant and annoying)

162.undoubtedly=as no doubt

163.although=albeit(the same as although)

164.unwilling=grudging(a grudging feeling or action is felt or done very unwillingly)

165.hardly=scarcely(you use scarcely to say that something is not true or is not the case, in a humorous or critical way)

166.courage=nerve(nerve is the courage you need in order to do something difficult or dangerous)

167.generally=as a rule

168.understand=discern(if you can discern something, you are aware of it and know what it is)

169.obviously=transparently(easily understand or recognize)

170.define as=address as