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The term “episodic memory” was introduced by Tulving to refer to what he considered a uniquely human capacity—the ability to recollect specific past events, to travel back into the past in one’s own mind—as distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through past experiences.Subsequently, Clayton et al. developed criteria to test for episodic memory in animals.According to these criteria, episodic memories are not of individual bits of information; they involve multiple components of a single event “bound” together.Clayton sought to examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate memory of “what,” “where,” and “when” information and their binding of this information.In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity.Clayton’s experiment required jays to remember the type, location, and freshness of stored food based on a unique learning event。Crickets were stored in one location and peanuts in another.Jays prefer crickets, but crickets degrade more quickly.Clayton’s birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time, showing that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when.Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information.Clayton acknowledged this by using the term “episodic-like” memory.
这篇文章以前见过，但是以前的问题不一样的，有个问题一直没解决请NN指教
9. GWD-18-Q9
It can be inferred that the author of the passage Tulving and Clayton would both agree that
A.the food preferences of the scrub jays in Clayton’s experiment are difficult to explain
B.the presence of episodic memory cannot be inferred solely on the basis of observable behavior
C.Clayton’s experiment demonstrated that scrub jays do not reexperience the past but do exhibit episodic-like memory
D.Tulving substantially underestimated the ability of animals to bind different kinds of information
E.Clayton’s experiment had certain fundamental design flaws that make it difficult to draw any conclusions about scrub jay’s memories
红色部分是我的答案，正确答案是选E，这道题我觉得奇怪的地方时文中只有一开始提到了T这个人，那么怎么推出他和C同时认为的观点呢，而且E中有个ANY是不是太绝对了！
9. GWD-18-Q9
It can be inferred that the author of the passage Tulving and Clayton would both agree that
A.the food preferences of the scrub jays in Clayton’s experiment are difficult to explain
B.the presence of episodic memory cannot be inferred solely on the basis of observable behavior
C.Clayton’s experiment demonstrated that scrub jays do not reexperience the past but do exhibit episodic-like memory
D.Tulving substantially underestimated the ability of animals to bind different kinds of information
E.Clayton’s experiment had certain fundamental design flaws that make it difficult to draw any conclusions about scrub jay’s memories
红色部分是我的答案，正确答案是选E，这道题我觉得奇怪的地方时文中只有一开始提到了T这个人，那么怎么推出他和C同时认为的观点呢，而且E中有个ANY是不是太绝对了！ |
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发表于 2010-8-26 20:37:09
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