toefl写作原则与例句（精简版）

写作原则与例句（精简版）

基本句子写法

1.       用名词的主动形式修饰  for conscience’s sake  for righteousness’ sake

2.       用逗号列举 he opened the letter, read it, and made a note of its contents.

3.       用逗号分隔插入成分 

a)         A. The audience, which had at first been indifferent, became more and more interested.

B. The audience was at first indifferent. Later it became more and more interested.

b)        A. In 1769, when Napoleon was born, Corsica had but recently been acquired by France.

B. Napoleon was born in 1769. At that time Corsica had but recently been acquired by France.

c)         A. Nether Stowey, where Coleridge wrote The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, is a few miles from Bridgewater.

B. Coleridge wrote The rime of the Ancient Mariner at Nether Stowey. Nether Stowey is a few miles from Bridgewater.

4.       在连词引入独立的句子前加入逗号：The situation is perilous, but there is still one chance of escape.

5.       不要直接把两个句子用逗号链接： A. Mary’s works are entertaining; they are full of engaging ideas. B. Mary’s works are entertaining, for they are full of engaging ideas.

6.       不要把一个句子分成两个：（3，4，5，6是句子组织中最重要的原则）

7.       使用冒号在句子后引入一系列特殊词，同等的词，一个推陈的，或者是一个说明性的论证。
            You dedicated whittler requires three props: a knife, a piece of wood, and a back porch.  Understanding is that penetrating quality of knowledge that grows from theory, practice, conviction, assertion, error, and humiliation.

8.       用破折号来建立一个插入并且来给出一个较长的陈述或者总结。  The increasing reluctance of the sun to rise, the extra nip in breeze, the patter of shed leaves dropping----- all the evidences of fall drifting into winter were clearer each day.

9.       主谓一致 Everybody thinks he has a unique sense of humor.   Although both clocks strike cheerfully, neither keeps a good time.     None of us is prefect..   The long and the short of it is ~~~~~    Give and take is essential to a happy household.   Every window, picture, and mirror was smashed.  His speech as well as his manner is objectionable.   What is wanted is a few more pairs of hands,   the republication headquarters is on this side of the tracks.     The general’s quarters are across the river.
            

10.   正确的使用代词  Virgil Soames is the candidate who we think will win (we think he will win)      Virgil Soames is the candidate whom we will elect.(we will elect him.)    Sandy writes better than I.(than I write)    I think Jack admires Jane more than I do.  Polly loves cakes more than she loves me.    Whom should I ask?   

11.   一个分开的短语在句首的必须语法上的主语有关系。   On arriving Chicago, he was met at the station by his friends.     Young and inexperienced, I thought the task easy.      Without a friend to counsel him, he found the temptation irresistible.    

写作原则

12.   选择一个合适的方式并且坚持用它。

13.   让段落紧凑并且一致。

14.   使用主动语态。

a)         There were a great number of dead leaves lying on the ground.

Dead leaves covered the ground.

b)        At dawn the crowing of a rooster could be heard.

The cock’s crow came with dawn.

c)         The reason he left college was that his health became impaired.

Failing health compelled him to leave college.

d)        It was not long before she was very sorry that she had said what she had.

She soon repented her words.

15.   使用正面表达。
            

a)         She did not think that studying Latin was a sensible way to use one’s time.

She thought the study of Latin a waste of time.

b)        The Taming of the Shrew is rather weak in spots. Shakespeare does not portray Katharine as a very admirable character, nor does Bianca remain long in memory as an important character in Shakespeare’s works.

The women in The Taming of the Shrew are unattractive. Katharine is disagreeable, Bianca insignificant.

c)         did not have much confidence in
            à distrusted

d)        not important à trifling

16.   使用确定的，精确的语言。

a)         He showed satisfaction as he took possession of his well-earned reward.

He grinned as he pocketed the coin.

b)        In proportion as the manners, customs, and amusements of a nation are cruel and barbarous, the regulations of its penal code will be severe.

In proportion as men delight in battles, bull-fights, and combats of gladiators, will they punish by hanging, burning, and the rack.

17.   删除不必要的文字。

1)      there is no doubt but that à no doubt (doubtless)

Her story is a strange one.
            à Her story is strange.

the reason why is that
            àbecause

2)      owing to the fact that
            à since (because)

in spite of the fact that
            à though (although)

3)      His cousin, who is a member of the same firm

His cousin, a member of the same firm

4)      Trafalgar, which was Nelson’s last battle
            

Trafalgar, Nelson’s last battle.

5)      Macbeth was very ambitious. This led him to wish to become king of Scotland. The witches told him that this wish of his would come true. The king of Scotland at this time was Duncan. Encouraged by his wife, Macbeth murdered Duncan. He was thus enabled to succeed Duncan as king.

Encouraged by his wife, Macbeth achieved his ambition and realized the prediction of the witches by murdering Duncan and becoming king of Scotland in his place.

18.   避免一连串的松散的句子

          不成熟的作者有时在整个段落中都是用这类句子，比如有连词and, but或者不太常见的who, which, when, where, while 这些不严谨的句子（看第3条）

19.   用相似的结构表达并列的观点

a)         Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method, while now the laboratory method is employed.

Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method; now it is taught by the laboratory method.

b)        His speech was marked by disagreement and scorn for his opponent’s position.

His speech was marked by disagreement with and scorn for his opponent’s position.

c)         My objections are, first, the injustice of the measure; second, that it is unconstitutional.

My objections are, first, that the measure is unjust; second, that it is unconstitutional.

20.   把相关的单词放在一起

a)         Toni Morrison, in Beloved, writes about characters who have escaped from slavery but are haunted by its heritage.

In Beloved, Toni Morrison writes a bout characters who have escaped from slavery but are haunted by its heritage.

b)        This is a portrait of Benjamin Harrison, who became President in 1889. He was the grandson of William Henry Harrison.

This is a portrait of Benjamin Harrison, grandson of William henry Harrison, who became President in 1889.

c)         The grandson of William Henry Harrison, who…

William Henry Harrison’s grandson, Benjamin Harrison, who

d)        All the members were not present.

Not all the members were present.

e)         She only found two mistakes.

She found only two mistakes.

f)         There was a stir in the audience that suggested disapproval.

A stir that suggested disapproval swept the audience.

g)        Major R.E. Joyce will give a lecture on Tuesday evening in Bailey Hall, to which the public is invited on “My Experiences in Mesopotamia” at 8:00 P.M.

On Tuesday evening at eight, Major R.E. Joyce will give a lecture in Bailey Hall on “My Experiences in Mesopotamia.” The public is invited.

An approach to style

1. Place yourself in the background.
2. Write in a way that comes naturally.
3. Work from a suitable design.……

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