狒狒 17

搜了半天没搜到

17. Psychologist: Some astrologers claim that our horoscopes completely determine our personalities, but this claim is false, I concede that identical twins---who are, of course, born at practically the same time---often do have similar personalities. However, birth records were examined to find two individuals who were born 40 years ago on the same day and at exactly the same time---one in a hospital in Toronto and one in a hospital in New York. Personalities of these two individuals are in fact different.

Which one of the following is an assumption on which the psychologist’s argument depends?

(A) Astrologers have not subjected their claims to rigorous experimentation.

(B) The personality differences between the two individuals cannot be explained by the cultural difference between Toronto and New York.

(C) The geographical difference between Toronto and New York did not result in the two individuals having different horoscopes.

(D) Complete birth records for the past 40 years were kept at both hospitals.

(E) Identical twins have identical genetic structures and usually have similar home environments.

答案：C

思路： Psychologist举例否原观点，举的反例必定是在原观点相同的前提情况下产生了与原观点不同的结论。原观点的前提情况是相同星座，结论是性格相同。反例的前提情况需要与原观点的一致，所以即是不管多伦多还是纽约生的星座是一样的。

A, 是无关选项，占星家们做没做实验对原文半点影响没有。

B, 是无关选项，心理学家们驳的是星象，跟文化没关系。

D, 是废话，重复了原文的背景。

E, 也是废话，重复了原文的背景。

原论：星座决定性格

驳论：T和N的俩人同一时间出生却是不同性格。

assumption:T和N的俩人是同一星座。

可是我认为B也是可以作为assumption

为什么B是无关项呢。两地的文化差异不能够导致人性格的不同。难道不是排除了他因作为assumption???

premise:两个人同时异地出生--->不同的个性

conclusion:星座不决定个性（同样的星座有不同的个性）

缺少conditional chain link,异地也有同样的星座

这里应该是和文化差异没有关系的，如果作为defender来看的话，取非“文化差异可以解释个性差异”，会发现无法得出结论的，所以是错的

觉得楼上解释的不太对...

文中的推理是这样的  birthtime决定horoscopes决定persenality,但是birthtime 一定能决定horoscope么？c中就排出了他因，也就是地理因素不影响，取非的话，地理因素要是影响的话，那么推论就不严谨

那么把B取非的话

性格的不同可以解释为两地的文化差异

不是也weaken了原文的conclusion：性格不完全由星座决定

总觉得自己抓不到题目的主干

烦

这道也是狒狒的

135. In a new police program, automobile owners in some neighborhoods whose cars are not normally driven between 1 A.M. and 5 A.M. can display a special decal in the cars’ windows and authorize police to stop the cars during those hours to check the drivers’ licenses. The theft rate for cars bearing such decals is much lower than had been usual for cars in those neighborhoods.

If it is concluded from the statements above that automobile theft has been reduced by the program, which one of the following would be most important to answer in evaluating that conclusion?

A.        Are owners who are cautious enough to join the program taking other special measures to protect their cars against theft?

B.        In how many neighborhoods is the police program operating?

C.        Are cars in neighborhoods that are actively participating in the program sometimes stolen during daylight hours?

D.       Will owners who have placed decals on their cars’ windows but who find it necessary to drive between 1 A.M. and 5 A. M. Be harassed by police?

E     Are the neighborhoods in which the program has been put into effect a representative cross section of neighborhoods with respect to the types of automobiles owned by residents?

automobile owners in some neighborhoods whose cars are not normally driven between 1 A.M. and 5 A.M. can display a special decal in the cars’ windows and authorize police to stop the cars during those hours to check the drivers’ licensesà The theft rate for cars bearing such decals is much lower than had been usual for cars in those neighborhoods

The hidden assumption is that the decrease in the theft rate for cars bearing such decals is due to the program.

Which is the best choice to evaluate the conclusion? It seems to me that the correct statement can either support or weaken the argument. That is to say, the answer is the two-side sword to the argument.

After this analysis, we can find that A is just choice.

If owners who are cautious enough to join the program taking other special measures to protect their cars against theft, A will weaken the argument. If not, A obviously support the argument.

Hence, A is the answer.

B is out of scope. The number of neighborhoods who is the police program operating is not mentioned in this argument.

C is out of scope too. Whether cars in neighborhoods that are actively participating in the program sometimes stolen during daylight hours has no influence in evaluating this conclusion.

D is false. If so , the answer may opposite the main presume in this argument.

E is out of scope.

选A

但是E说选的这个样本具不具有代表性为什么不能evaluate whether the theft rate has been reduced by this program呢??

每次剩下这样的两项的时候，我就总是分不开哪个是有关哪个是无关

抱歉...没看清你的问题

理一理吧~

题干中作者是要反驳一种观点：horoscopes决定personality

为了反驳作者举了例子，说双胞胎的确是这样的，同时同地出生，但是有些人40年前同时异地出生的却性格迥异

结论：horoscopes不能决定personality(言外之意，有其他因素决定，比如文化，环境，吃的不同，这些都是可能)

现在再看看B，说文化差异不能解释性格差异，那么可能是其他的因素导致

如果对B取非，也就是文化差异导致性格不同，那么不正好证明的作者观点么...没有weaken啊

这里主要区别是 B是研究了影响性格的因素，而D是研究了影响horoscope的因素