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6.18 二战 少量鸡精,本月JJ自总结

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楼主
发表于 2009-6-18 17:23:00 | 只看该作者

6.18 二战 少量鸡精,本月JJ自总结

今天在济南考完了二战,Q50,V28,650。三战可能要考完T之后了。坚强~~

AA:【题库里没找到】HR刊物说:non-profit organizations的成员不依靠实物奖励反而工作效率高,survey的结果是这些成员说他们认同自己的工作对社会有益。所以corporations应该做一些公益事业(好像是捐款什么的),这样员工就能提高工作效率。

AI:【题库111题】 “Because of recent advancements in business and technology, the overall quality of life in most societies has never been better than at the present time.” 

Q:JJ遇到了相当多~感觉做的也不错,怎么就50了~真郁闷
【PS】印证一下那个看电影的题,题目确实是问看了only two的,所以20没错。记得有个mm问~
【DS】数轴上a、b、c、d、e依次排列,问乘积abcde是否<0
1) ab>0
2) de<0
我选B

RC:
【第一篇】2/3屏,是内战前黑人解放那篇
【第二篇】1.2屏,是心脏病用药与健康习惯那篇,这两篇都做的不错
【第三篇】是一篇超长的恐龙灭绝的原因反驳~很难,只记得一点是~某种恐龙应该是是冷血动物(跟traditional views不同),还有某个岛上的competitors不多……还是别误导了,大家如果遇到要小心,因为我看的这篇有6、7个题,还有那种全文细节~哎,做完这篇有点被打击到了
【第四篇】果然第四篇变得很短,题目也简单了。记不得了~希望大家都没机会遇到这么低分的题。

CR:补充一下本月机经里已有的那个grain&meat的题,问support该国需要自己生产更多,选项里有个“进口已不能满足本国消费者快速增长的需求”,确定正确。

【新回忆】每个公民都知道如果浪费水就会都受害,但每个人都会想:只要其他人不浪费,自己浪费一点的公共损失很小而个人收益很大,问总结(竟然是总结~就是问这段话说了什么)

SC:划线一个比一个短,有最近考过且有同感的朋友能不能讨论下以后的SC怎么复习啊~感觉记语法点没太有用了呢

下面是废话:
跟各位论坛里的NN比起来,有的时候真的是需要不停自我鼓励加油才能支撑下来。
我在国内一所二本财经院校读大三,专业国际商务(英语一般,去年CET-6险过)。今年二月末在北京一战690(Q51,V33),当时没有好好研究机经,自以为这次看了很多也总结了不少,也好好注意了一战时没有把握好的pace,但是结果却相当令人失望。
这个学期考了两次G,课落了不少,中午就回学校准备期末考试冲刺,还要保证好GPA和奖学金,所以也不允许我继续消沉难过。朋友们都说~我的努力大家都看得到,所以好事多磨总有一天会RP爆发,我也只有继续加油了!感谢Chasedream,谢谢BF的安慰陪伴。
Victory will not come to me unless I go to it!The best is yet to come……


再贴几个我根据其他NN的资料整理的拼图式RC机经和方便快速浏览的Math机经

虽然自己没怎么用到~唉

希望本月考的其他朋友能有点帮助吧,祝大家能考出自己理想的成绩。


附件里有word版,仅供参考。谢谢



[此贴子已经被作者于2009-6-19 8:19:38编辑过]

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沙发
 楼主| 发表于 2009-6-18 17:24:00 | 只看该作者

A-9.降低零售商压货疑虑的方法

V1: 进货商有进货过多会导致压货的疑虑,因而不会购进过多的存货,为了阻止这个趋势,生厂商会采取两种方法,一种是收回货物,一种是补偿销售商打折销售的损失。学术上更多的是将第一种方法。因为这个方法怎样怎样,这个评价有两个假设。一个是什么什么,一个是什么什么。第二段就第一个假设开始批判。第三段评论第二个假设。

渠道促销(trade promotion)

inventory surplus(存货盈余)

考古V4【长】

P1生产商(manufacturer)如果库存过大,生产商的库存成本就会增大;但销售商(retailer)如果库存过大,那销售商的销售压力也会很大,并且一旦卖不出去,销售商也会面临损失。但为了让销售商多压货over-stock现在通行的做法有两个:markdownreturn,一个是卖不出去的可以退还(return)给生产商,另一个是当卖不出去后,生产商把后续的货多打折,这样用多打折而少收销售商的钱来补偿销售商在前一批货中没卖出去的损失(markdown。由于有这两种方法,打消了销售商对压货的抵触,改善了生产商和销售商之间由于压货而导致的Channel关系。最后,本段介绍了这两种策略是要基于两种假设(assumption)的。

P2return策略广为使用,学者们常常强调return这种策略的好处,并推荐使用return。但return的有效性是基于两个错误的假设:一个是return不会造成额外某些方面的成本;但其实有shipping cost,部分会产生货物的运输,并且在运输过程中还会出现破损、丢失等现象,这些全都是生产商要考虑的成本。
        
另一个这部分说的是wrongly assumes that channel management ability are the same
        
其实我有点看不懂,不知道他说的是说retailer's ability or vendor's ability大家仔细看啰! Q但是这一段的句末考了两题 针对最后的两个字考,大家读到这一定要好好注意 第一题考的是这两个最后亮黄字的推论题 Return策略的使用有一个重大需要考虑的的问题,那就是return举例说如果是时装厂商,那么他的运输、破损等方面的损失才几十刀,这对他来说是很少的成本,完全可以忽略。但是有个人站出来,对return 策略之所以成立的两个assumption 进行分析,批驳assumption的合理性。讲了上段末的一个假设不成立,所以一种不好。第一个假设不成立,事实上return会造成各个方面的额外成本。然后又根据第一段末说的假设应用到return 策略上进行分析(好象没有出题点,我也就没仔细看)。
P 3
第三段:超长,针对第二个假设。好像讲了它的一个优点,好像讲了其中一个的优点。(有题:给了四个具体事例,问哪一个具体的例子符合这段的说法)说这些销售商多压了这么多货,那它怎么卖呢,好象只能用打折的方法向它现有的客户多卖,但估计还是会有剩,于是生产商最终还是不得不在事后的订货中用折扣的方法补偿销售商多进了但卖不出去的货的价钱,那么对于生产商来说,他是有经济利益损失的,所以这种方法不应该被广泛使用。而对于return的情况,那些return回来的货就算没有破损,对生产商来说很可能也已经没什么用了,比如前文说到的那个时装厂商,那些时装可能已经不时髦了,就算想便宜点儿卖出去也没人买了。 
Q1文中第二段举例说时装厂商想说明什么。我选举例说明return时是会有成本的
Q2生产商用这两种让销售商压货的策略会有什么后果。我选影响生产商的利润
Q3问和Markdown有关,我看文章的时候没注意到这个点,也不想再花时间回原文去找,随便选了一个。但个人感觉应该是在介绍那两种假设的部分去定位(仅供参考)。 

Q4mark downreturn有哪一点不一样呢?

Q5我补充第三段的问题,题目问下列哪个例子符合生产商可购回存货再利用的原则,有个选项说某衣服含有很贵的fiber可以拿来再利用的

Q6生产商用这两种让销售商压货的策略有什么好处,有混淆选项A是让零售商更愿意存货B是让零售商愿意存足够数量的货,我回第一段定位,发现零售商不是不存,只是都存不够,所以选了B各位到时可以再自行判断

 

参考资料http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-27299009_ITM

红色字体标注的是与考试原文完全相同或相似的句子

If a product has a finite 【有限的】 selling season and uncertain demand, retail overstock is a possibility. Anticipating how such surplus will devalue, the retailer may stock less of the item than the manufacturer would like, if any at all. As illustrated by P&G, manufacturer return policies and markdown money are two common strategies used by manufacturers to combat this tendency. Both work by decreasing the retailer's net cost of overstock.

如果某种产品销售季有限且需求不确定,零售商就有可能存货过多。通过对这些过剩产品贬值的预期,零售商可能至少会存较制造商期望的少的存货。P&G案例表明,returnmarkdown补贴策略是制造商弥补这一趋势的两种常用策略。两种策略都旨在降低过剩存货的净成本。

Return policies are often observed when demand is unpredictable and/or the risk of obsolescence(过时) is high, as extensively documented by Padmanabhan and Png (1995) and Kandel (1996). Markdown money also has a rich tradition among products facing such environments, including fashion apparel(时装) (Ryan 1998; Monget 1998), cosmetics and fragrances (Parks 1996), toys (Leccese 1993), specialty products (Gallagher 1999), certain food categories and over-the-counter medications (Tenser 1997). However, nothing in our discussion thus far suggests if, when, or why either method might be preferable to the other.

Return 策略通常用在当需求难以预测,并且/或者产品过时的风险很高时。……Markdown money策略常用在时装、化妆品香氛、玩具、专用产品、某些特定食品和OTC药物中。……

The academic literature is silent on these questions. Return policies are certainly relatively well-studied (Pasternack 1985; Kandel 1996; Padmanabhan and Png 1997; Emmons and Gilbert 1998; Donohue 2000; Webster and Weng 2000), as will be discussed in greater detail in the next section. These works advocate return policies as a way to improve the efficiency of the channel to the participants' mutual benefit(共同利益). However, this conclusion relies on two assumptions that mask the differences between the practices in question:

(1) the physical return of product does not incur additional cost, and

(2) the channel members are equally effective at liquidating(清偿) overstock (2).

The first assumption is problematic in that the handling, logistics, and administrative overhead(费用) associated with moving product back up the channel may be substantial(实际存在的). For instance, P&G Cosmetics has calculated that each handling of an item (because of damage, discontinuation, or simple return) costs 34 cents, a nontrivial(重大的) fraction of typical profit margins for such products (Born 1997). And Hal Upbin, CEO of Kellwood Co. (a manufacturer of ready-to-wear apparel(非定制成衣)) notes, "We don't take anything back; the cost of handling would be absurd (Infotracs 1997)."

……这些研究支持return policy来提高渠道效率实现双方的共同利益。然而,这个结论是基于对现实中实际不同的以下两个假设而作出的:

1)产品的实体返回不会产生附加成本

2)各渠道成员在清偿存货方面同等有效

第一个假设是有问题的,因为把存货运回渠道上游(制造商)处理、运输、管理的费用确实是实际存在的。例如,P&G日化曾计算过(由于损坏、废弃、或者简单的发回)每件产品的处理费用是34美分,相当于该产品通常利润的很大部分。成衣制造商的CEO H·U也说:“我们不回收任何产品,处理成本太不合理了”

With respect to the second assumption, the reality is that recovering value from surplus product is a substantive professional competency(能力), and different parties likely have different aptitude and tolerance for this (Hungerford 1999). The retailer obviously has the most immediate option, i.e., to sell to the same customer base at a discount. Indeed, access to markets and comparative advantage in merchandising(广告推销) are among the underlying reasons a retail channel would be used in the first place, and these factors should persist at the clearance phase(清仓甩卖阶段). However, if the residual(剩余的) value comes from recovering and reusing the raw materials, the manufacturer could have an advantage. Also, by consolidating(合并) the returns from multiple retailers a manufacturer might be able to assemble an assortment that becomes economically viable for resale to a discount specialist (e.g., T. J. Maxx in the apparel industry). Additional aging of the product and potential damage during the processing of returns should be considered, of course. Similar points are raised, but not formally pursued, by Kandel (1996) and Padmanabhan and Png (1997).

针对第二项假设,现实情况是从过剩产品中找回价值是一个相当具有专业要求(的过程),并且各方对此的倾向和耐受力也不同。零售商们显然有最直接的方法,即以折扣方式卖给同样的消费群。实际上,接近市场和广告优势是削弱零售作为首要渠道的的原因之一,而且这些因素在清仓甩卖阶段仍然存在。然而,如果可以回收多个零售商的原材料对剩余价值加以利用,制造商就能获得竞争优势。同样,将多个零售商的return合并在一起组成在经济上可以再销售的专用折扣组合。当然,产品的额外老化和产品返回过程中的潜在折损应该被考虑进去。……

板凳
 楼主| 发表于 2009-6-18 17:24:00 | 只看该作者

D-1. 原油清洁剂对珊瑚(coral)的危害比原油还大

V1【短】

P1一种清洁海洋油污的chemical实际上对珊瑚coral的伤害比原油还要大,

P2第二段就是一个实验,找了一堆珊瑚,分别放在油和化学品混合物,化学品和油中间,一天以后拿出来,然后观察n天以后的生长状况,发现在油里面的珊瑚死得比较少,其他两个都死得比较多,而且n天后油的那组还能正常生长,其他两个都不行了,所以说化学品更有害

V2

是说化学试剂除泄露油的弊端,有个实验怎么怎么证明,一个科学家稍微总结了一下。

Q1问科学家实验前就知道什么,
        
应该是24小时的间隔那个,我看错了,我郁闷……

Q2问主题

Q3最后那个科学家总结的作用

V3【长】是讲分解石油的化学制剂会影响海中珊瑚的生长。

P1第一段是讲原先人们没有意识到分解污染海水的石油的化学制剂会对珊瑚造成不良的影响。

P2第二段讲了人们在遇到海水被石油污染时不会马上采用化学制剂将它分解,而是会先采取物理的方法。只有在天气情况恶劣的情况下,化学制剂才会被使用。第二段还提及了化学制剂的成分和分解石油的原理。大致就是依靠化学物质将石油分解成许多droplets,然后沉入海水中。

P3+P4第三段和第四段都讲的是一个科学家和他的团队对究竟是石油本身还是分解石油的化学物质妨害了珊瑚的生长做了一个试验,试验对象是两种珊瑚,每个养珊瑚的tank里面分别加入不同的成分,有的是只有石油,有的只有分解石油的化学物质,还有的两者皆有。过了24小时,试验结果发现有化学物质的tank里面的珊瑚几乎都死了,而只有石油的不同的珊瑚种类有90%多、75%的存活,又过了一段时间,这些在只有石油的环境里面存活下来的珊瑚可以继续生长,而那些在有化学物质的环境中的珊瑚的成长几乎都停滞了。

P5最后一段是另一个科学家的观点,他大致接受了上个科学家的观点,但是他同时指出,在海洋里面的珊瑚不可能象实验室中的珊瑚那样面对这么多量和这么长时间的化学物质的影响(这里有题,Q问的是为什么要提出最后一段另一个科学家的说法,我选的是那个解释那个科学团队的试验被其他科学家接受的程度)。

 

参考阅读:Slick death: oil-spill treatment kills coral

Chemicals used to disperse(驱散) marine oil slicks(油膜)
            may harm corals more than the oil itself does, according to a new study. The finding suggests that chemical dispersants
(分散剂) should be used near reefs(礁) only as a last resort(最后手段,无奈之举), when oil approaches a shoreline where it might devastate wildlife and plants for decades.

In many cases, authorities first try to clean up oil spills(原油泄漏)
            mechanically
(靠机械的). If weather conditions are too rough(海面多风暴的) or a slick threatens to wash up(冲上岸) on shore, dispersants are usually the next option. Made up of surfactants(表面活化剂) and solvents(溶剂), dispersants act as detergents(清洁剂), breaking up oil into droplets that mix into water, scatter(散播) with currents(海流), and eventually degrade. However, the dispersed oil droplets readily sink and can lethally(致命的)
            contaminate
(污染) coral.

Baruch Rinkevich of the National Institute of Oceanography in Haifa, Israel, and his colleagues tested whether chemical dispersants, as well as oil droplets, do harm to corals. They report that dispersants kill branching(正在长枝的) corals or retard(阻碍) their growth. The team also confirms previous research indicating that corals do better when exposed to oil that hasn't been dispersed.

To test the effects of the dispersants, the researchers pruned(剪掉) 2-inch segments from the branches of two common hard coral species found in the Red Sea and grew them into several large colonies in laboratory tanks. The team then added to the tanks various concentrations(浓缩) of crude oil, one of six commercial dispersants mixed with oil, or one of the six dispersants alone. After allowing 24-hour exposure to the substances, researchers washed the corals, simulating(模拟实验) what would happen in the real environment when oil and dispersants wash away. The team then measured coral survival and growth weekly for 50 days.

科学家们从红海中两种常见硬珊瑚的分枝上剪下2英尺切片,并放置于多个含有大型生物菌落的试验槽中,接着分别加入浓缩原油、混有原油的六种工业分散剂其中一种或单独的一种分散剂。当浸泡在试验物质24小时之后,研究者清洗了珊瑚——模拟真实环境中原油和分散剂的去除,之后连续50天每周观察珊瑚的存活和生长情况。

After 1 week, more than 90 percent of one coral species and about 75 percent of the other survived in the oil-only tanks, whereas virtually all coral died in the tanks containing either the dispersant-oil mix or the dispersant alone. After 50 days, more than 90 percent of the surviving corals from the oil-only tanks continued to grow. Almost all coral from the dispersed-oil and the dispersant-only tanks experienced retarded growth.

1周后,只加入原油的试验槽中90%一种珊瑚和75%的另一种珊瑚都存活了,但加入分散剂的另两种试验槽中几乎所有珊瑚都死了,不管混没混原油。50天后,只加原油的试验槽中超过90%存活珊瑚还在继续生长,但加入分散剂的试验槽中几乎所有的珊瑚都被阻碍了生长。

Amy Merten, codirector of the Coastal Response Research Center at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in Seattle, says that the results contradict the rule of thumb that dispersants are less toxic than oil droplets. It's important for authorities in charge of spill cleanups to note that coral reacts to the dispersant itself, she says. "There needs to be more consideration of dispersants." However, Merten adds that under real conditions, coral may not be exposed to dispersants in the same amount, and for the same duration, that it was in the laboratory tests.

Seattle ……“沿海珊瑚研究中心A·M称,该实验结果反驳了分散剂不如原油液滴毒性大的说法,负责泄露清理的权利当局应关注分散剂本身。然而,A·M也提到,在现实情况中,珊瑚也不会暴露在与实验环境同等的分散剂数量和时间中。
地板
 楼主| 发表于 2009-6-18 17:25:00 | 只看该作者

D2. 两栖动物如何利用皮肤呼吸

V1:讲动物如何用皮肤呼吸(二氧化碳和氧气的交换)的。

P1第一段提出动物的皮很厚还有其他原因导致动物用皮肤呼吸不太容易实现。有两种方法可以让这种机制得以实现。

P2第二段就说青蛙(可能是另一种动物,这个我记不清了,抱歉)可以通过调节皮肤的厚度来实现用皮肤呼吸(二氧化碳和氧气的交换),有一个科学家做了个试验,发现把两只青蛙放在两个不同的环境,第一个环境是氧气充足的,第二个环境中的氧气是另一个环境中的一半,试验发现,在第二个环境中饲养的青蛙的表皮变得比第一个环境中的薄了20%,因为更薄的表皮有利于用空气和二氧化碳的交换。

P3第三段是说爬行动物和还有一个动物有发育不全的心脏,这样的心脏并不是原始和落后的Q1这里有题),而恰恰是对环境的适应,应为这样的心脏可以把本来要流经动脉artery的血直接运到表皮附近,这些deoxegened的血会使表皮的呼吸效率更高。

V2:补充Q

Q定位第二段,问表皮变薄在什么情况下容易发生(氧气不足的时候)

 

考古0902(By mapleleaves

P1第一段讲amphibian(两栖动物)有特殊的供氧系统保证它们在水下的生存; (Q1有题关于这个系统) 说原来科学家觉得皮肤相对于lung(肺)是其次的,现在有新证据否定老观点

P2第二段讲这个系统是如何运作的,然后讲到了皮肤的作用,把2只青蛙tadpole(蝌蚪),放进2个杯子里。一个杯子的的水氧气很足,另外一个却很少。2个礼拜后发现
            Diffusion Barrier(
扩散隔膜?)不同了。结果缺氧的,皮层(Diffusion Barrier?)变薄,加强了呼吸功能,青蛙可以在短时间内把自己的皮肤变得薄,进而适应缺氧的环境

P3第三段讲在陆地后
        
它们如何变换用肺呼吸供氧而停止水下供氧系统的转化(Q3有题)
        
reptile(爬行动物)
        
amphibianincomplete heart divider 如何帮助gas exchange.有人说这些动物心脏功能不强,其实不然,是很多的已经耗费了氧气的血液在进入肺部之前会先到皮下流一遍,这样是很好地利用了皮肤呼吸的功能

P4后面的结论是,  Contrary to previous prevailing concept,心脏的结构在两栖和爬行动物中PLAY A IMPORTANT ROLE TO DELIVER BLOOD WITH OXYGEN TO .....UNDER SKIN.....

Q细节题和高亮作用。

相关阅读:

 Many frogs are able to absorb water and oxygen directly through the skin, especially around the pelvic area. However, the permeability(渗透) of a frog's skin can also result in water loss. Some tree frogs reduce water loss with a waterproof layer of skin. Others have adapted behaviors to conserve water, including engaging in nocturnal(夜晚的) activity and resting in a water-conserving position. This position involves the frog lying with its toes and fingers tucked under its body and chin,  respectively, with no gap between the body and substrate(底层,下层). Some frog species will also rest in large groups, touching the skin of the neighboring frog. This reduces  the amount of skin exposed to the air or a dry surface, and thus reduces water loss. These adaptations only reduce water loss enough for a predominantly arboreal  existence, and are not suitable for arid conditions.

l  How do reptiles breath

Reptilian skin is covered in a horny(角质的) epidermis(表皮), making it watertight and enable reptiles to live on dry land, in contrast to the amphibians. Compared to mammals, reptilian skin is rather thin, and lack the thick dermal layer(真皮层)that produces leather in mammals. Exposed parts of reptiles are protected by horny scales or scutes, sometimes with a bony base, forming armour. In turtles, the body is hidden inside a hard shell composed on fused scutes. In the lepidosaurians like lizards and snakes, the whole skin is covered in epidermal scales (see Reptile scales). Such scales where once thought to be typical of the class Reptilia as a whole, but are really only found in the lepidosaurians. The scales found in turtles and crocodiles are of dermal origin rather than epidermal, and are properly termed scutes.
5#
 楼主| 发表于 2009-6-18 17:25:00 | 只看该作者

E-1. 月球形成的原因

V1.

P1第一段说有三种,一种说月球是地球转太快甩出去的第二种说是跟地球一块儿形成的第三种说是一个小星星走到地球的时候被地球引力吸住了

P2第二段说这三种说法都有问题,第一种说地球要把月球甩出去要转得快得多,第二种说因为月球上没有足够多的什么物质证明是跟地球同时产生的,动量也不对,第三种说月球的核太小还有什么,不可能是个独立的星星

P3第三段说有一种新的解释说月球是地球和一个星球撞出来的一块碎片什么的,然后证明了一下

V

段落结构基本与V1相同。记不清在哪一段来着有说对于哪2个理论,***特点符合实际,对于哪另外2个理论又有什么特点符合实际了什么的。还提到了一个什么月球上material和地球上该成分的比较, 有锌啊什么的,这也是一个评定理论的证据。还提到了月球的CORE SIZE
        
这个影响判定文中提到的某个理论(隔了一天了有点乱了)

WikiFormation of the Moon——http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#Formation

Several mechanisms have been suggested for the Moon's formation. The formation of the Moon is believed to have occurred 4.527 ± 0.010 billion years ago, about 30–50 million years after the origin of the Solar System.

l  Fission hypothesis 

Early speculation proposed that the Moon broke off from the Earth's crust because of centrifugal forces(离心力), leaving a basin(盆地)– presumed to be the Pacific Ocean – behind as a scar. This idea, however, would require too great an initial spin(初始的自转速度) of the Earth; and, even had this been possible, the process should have resulted in the Moon's orbit following Earth's equatorial plane.(赤道平面)
            This is not the case.
                

分裂说

这是最早解释月球起源的一种假设。早在1898,著名生物学家达尔文的儿子乔治·达尔文就在《太阳系中的潮汐和类似效应》一文中指出,月球本来是地球的一部分,后来由于地球转速太快,把地球上一部分物质抛了出去,这些物质脱离地球后形成了月球,而遗留在地球上的大坑,就是现在的太平洋。这一观点很快就收到了一些人的反对。他们认为,以地球的自转速度是无法将那样大的一块东西抛出去的

 

l  Capture hypothesis 

Other speculation has centered on the Moon being formed elsewhere and subsequently being captured by Earth's gravity. However, the conditions believed necessary for such a mechanism to work, such as an extended atmosphere of the Earth in order to dissipate(驱散) the energy of the passing Moon, are improbable.

俘获说

这种假设认为,月球本来只是太阳系中的一颗小行星,有一次,因为运行到地球附近,被地球的引力所俘获,从此再也没有离开过地球。还有一种接近俘获说的观点认为,地球不断把进入自己轨道的物质吸积到一起,久而久之,吸积的东西越来越多,最终形成了月球。但也有人指出,像月球这样大的星球,地球恐怕没有那么大的力量能将它俘获

l  Co-formation hypothesis 

The co-formation hypothesis proposes that the Earth and the Moon formed together at the same time and place from the primordial(原始的)
        
accretion disk(吸积盘). The Moon would have formed from material surrounding the proto-Earth(原始地球), similar to the formation of the planets around the Sun. Some suggest that this hypothesis fails to adequately explain the depletion(消耗) of metallic iron in the Moon.

同源说

这一假设认为,地球和月球都是太阳系中浮动的吸积盘,经过旋转和吸积,同时形成星体。在吸积过程中,地球比月球相应要快一点,成为哥哥这一假设也受到了客观存在的挑战。通过对阿波罗12飞船从月球上带回来的岩石样本进行化验分析,人们发现月球的岩石缺乏铁质,和地球的有所分别。

A major deficiency in all these hypotheses is that they cannot readily account for the high angular momentum
        
(角动量,动量矩)of the Earth–Moon system.

l  Giant Impact hypothesis (Main article: Giant impact hypothesis)

The prevailing hypothesis today is that the Earth–Moon system formed as a result of a giant impact. A Mars-sized body (labeled "Theia") is believed to have hit the proto-Earth, blasting sufficient material into orbit around the proto-Earth to form the Moon through accretion. As accretion is the process by which all planetary bodies are believed to have formed, giant impacts are thought to have affected most if not all planets. Computer simulations modeling a giant impact are consistent with measurements of the angular momentum of the Earth–Moon system, as well as the small size of the lunar core.
            
Unresolved questions regarding this theory concern the determination of the relative sizes of the proto-Earth and Theia and of how much material from these two bodies formed the Moon.

大碰撞说

这是近年来关于月球成因的新假设。1986320,在休士顿约翰逊空间中心召开的月亮和行星讨论会上,美国洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室的本玆、斯莱特里和哈佛大学史密斯天体物理中心的卡梅伦共同提出了大碰撞假设。这一假设认为,太阳系演化早期,在星际空间曾形成大量的星子,星子通过互相碰撞、吸积而长大。星子合并形成一个原始地球,同时也形成了一个相当于地球质量0.14倍的天体。这两个天体在各自演化过程中,分别形成了以铁为主的金属核和由硅酸盐构成的幔和壳。由于这两个天体相距不远,因此相遇的机会就很大。一次偶然的机会,那个小的天体以每秒5千米左右的速度撞向地球。剧烈的碰撞不仅改变了地球的运动状态,使地轴倾斜,而且还使那个小的天体被撞击破裂,硅酸盐壳和幔受热蒸发,膨胀的气体以极大的速度携带大量粉碎了的尘埃飞离地球。这些飞离地球的物质,主要有碰撞体的幔组成,也有少部分地球上的物质,比例大致为17:3。在撞击体破裂时与幔分离的金属核,因受膨胀飞离的气体所阻而减速,大约在4小时内被吸积到地球上。飞离地球的气体和尘埃,并没有完全脱离地球的引力控制,他们通过相互吸积而结合起来,形成全部熔融的月球,或者是先形成几个分离的小月球,在逐渐吸积形成一个部分熔融的大月球。

6#
 楼主| 发表于 2009-6-18 17:26:00 | 只看该作者

E2. 拆除大坝对生态系统(eco-system)的影响

V1一篇是拆除大坝(就是拦河的吧)对ecosystem的影响

V2转移一个大坝。第一段说建造一个大坝的坏处。鱼不能migrate之类的。有道题问第一段说了什么。第二段跟第三段说,要是真的把已经建好的大坝移走也有坏处的。

V3说一个转移一个大坝。第一段说建造一个大坝的坏处。鱼不能migrate之类的。有道题问第一段说了什么。第二段跟第三段说,要是真的把已经建好的大坝移走也有坏处的。

【考古0901/02】拆除大坝对生态系统(ecological system)的影响

三段式 ,第一段好处,第二三段将由此带来的problem以及解决方法。

V1:讲的是DAM要不要拆的问题,
我现在好象觉得在哪里看到过,不过当时没印象。

P1: 第一段讲的是 DAM建造了造成生态损害,主要有阻拦鱼类migrationQ1:
        
后面某道题问水坝有什么问题,其中提到阻拦Nonnative的鱼migration,是干扰答案,因为这里应该指的是native的鱼的迁移, 造成 nonnative的鱼入侵等等。然后就后者展开描述:因为水坝把水拦起来了,水温会上升,含氧量也会变化,有些合适这种条件的非本地鱼喜欢这里的环境, 威胁到本来就在这里生活的鱼类。如果把水坝拆了,水温下降了,一些喜欢冷水的鱼(如trout——记得这个名字因为我最爱吃trout,呵呵)就会重返这里。如果拆除,那些外来的鱼就会离开,保护本地的鱼类,主要是ECOLOGY方面的,这里有一个题目

P1:
        
贸然拆除DAM也会有很多损害,比如会使得一些不受欢迎的鱼溯江而上危害生态,主要是淤泥(sediment)可能会堵塞水道(choke the waterway——此处考到了,Q2: 问的是拆除水坝的危害),还有由于大坝上游积累的淤泥中有很多毒素,拆除大坝也会时这些毒素随淤泥流向下游,所以很多工程师先用推土机和pipe运走淤泥再拆除水坝(这里又考了,问工程师拆除水坝的时候会干什么,我选的是移走沉积物。)还有其他例子说有什么沉积物之类的对生态有影响(没看太懂)

P3:  第三段也讲的是其实拆了DAM也会有其他的不好的情况发生。举了美国Arizona那边一个大坝的例子,说拆除大坝可以拯救一种什么青蛙,但同时又会使一些危害鱼类得以跑到上游。于是科学家们想了种方法,就是把想要保护的青蛙鱼类的给捕起来,,搞了很多复杂的方式,又要保留水坝后面的湖,又把水改了道(可能为了疏通迁徙吧)。然后往大坝下游投毒杀死crayfish(此处我没有看太明白,但是没有影响后面的做题)再拆除大坝放生这些保护物种。但是结果却是那些危害鱼类没给完全毒死,问题里有涉及到大坝的usually effect,没太看明白,因为每个选项都是文中说的影响,大概关键在于usually
很多细节题目。Q3: 有个题目是问,文章接下来的一段最没有可能出现什么内容(我越写越觉得做过,大家翻翻GWD,我没有找到,大家帮忙)。

          

参考阅读

Dams have long been acknowledged for providing electricity without the pollution of other methods, for flood protection, and for making water available for agriculture and human needs. Within recent decades, however, the environmental impacts of dams have been debated. While dams do perform important functions, their effects can be damaging to the environment. People have begun to question whether the positive contributions of some dams are outweighed by those negative effects. Because water is held behind the dam and often released from some depth, the temperature of the water below the dam is usually lower than it would be prior to dam emplacement. The temperature of the water flow is often constant, not reflecting the natural seasonal variations that would have been the case in the free-flowing river. Similarly, the chemistry of the water may be altered. Water exiting the lake may be higher in dissolved salts or have lower oxygen levels than would be the case for a free-flowing river. The environmental changes described above create a new environment in which native species may not be able to survive. New species frequently invade such localities, further disrupting the system. Early photographs of rivers in the southwest desert illustrate the dramatic modern invasion of non-native plants. Entire lengths of these rivers and streams have been transformed from native desert plants to a dense riparian environment. Native species that formerly lived in this zone have been replaced as a result of the changes in river flow patterns. The most commonly cited species affected by the presence of dams is the salmon. Salmon have been isolated from their spawning streams by impassable dams. The situation has been addressed through the use of fish ladders and by the use of barges to transport the fish around the obstacles, but with only limited success.

7#
发表于 2009-6-18 17:35:00 | 只看该作者
沙发。。。。多谢!
8#
发表于 2009-6-18 17:35:00 | 只看该作者
是不是前面的题做得太着急了?
9#
发表于 2009-6-18 17:36:00 | 只看该作者

恩,谢谢楼主,先顶一下。

其实这次我也三站了,周围人觉得蛮难理解的,可是为了那一刻的嚣张,要坚持到底。

还有,想问下,GMAT成绩是看最高分还是最近的一次?

10#
发表于 2009-6-18 17:40:00 | 只看该作者
好人!
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