GWD-18-10

The term “episodic memory” was

       introduced by Tulving to refer to what he

       considered a uniquely human capacity—

Line       the ability to recollect specific past events,

  (5)      to travel back into the past in one’s own

mind—as distinct from the capacity simply

to use information acquired through past

experiences.  Subsequently, Clayton et al.

developed criteria to test for episodic

 (10)      memory in animals.  According to these

criteria, episodic memories are not of

individual bits of information; they involve

multiple components of a single event

“bound” together.  Clayton sought to

 (15)      examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate

memory of “what,” “where,” and “when”

information and their binding of this infor-

mation.  In the wild, these birds store food

for retrieval later during periods of food

 (20)      scarcity.  Clayton’s experiment required

       jays to remember the type, location, and

       freshness of stored food based on a unique

learning event.  Crickets were stored in one

location and peanuts in another.  Jays

 (25)      prefer crickets, but crickets degrade

more quickly.  Clayton’s birds switched

their preference from crickets to peanuts

once the food had been stored for a certain

length of time, showing that they retain

 (30)      information about the what, the where,

and the when.  Such experiments cannot,

however, reveal whether the birds were

       reexperiencing the past when retrieving the

information.  Clayton acknowledged this by

using the term “episodic-like” memory.

1. Some of the jays retrieved stored peanuts on the first occasion they were allowed to retrieve food.
2. All the crickets were retrieved before any of the peanuts were.
3. The peanuts were stored further away than the crickets.
4. When a jay attempted to retrieve a cricket or a peanut, the jay was prevented from eating it.
5. Throughout the experiment the jays were fed at levels typical of a time of scarcity.

这篇文章GWD12里也有，但是问题不一样

大家帮忙看看这题选什么啊？

谢谢啦

for retrieval later during periods of food

 (20)      scarcity. 

我是根據這一段選E, 供參考!

同问这题，e是什么意思呀。

In the wild, these birds store food
        

for retrieval later during periods of food

 (20)      scarcity. 

我是根據這一段選E, 供參考!

TO：yifentsai

考试的时候是怎么定位出来的呢

多谢了

这题A是正确的。

A说鸟在回去找食物时首先找的就是peanut，这个符合原文说的鸟prefer
            cricket，但是能记住什么储存cricket的，如果储存时间过长的话，cricket就腐烂了，于是鸟就prefer peanut了。如果假设A不成立，就是说鸟都会先去看cricket，然后发现腐烂了再去找peanut，这就不能证明鸟能retain 
                        information about the what, the where,and the when了。这就与原文矛盾。所以A必对！

E是无关选项。原文只是说鸟会储藏食物，以备食物匮乏时用。E是说“贯穿整个实验，鸟一直被喂食物缺乏时（他们所需的）饭量”。这个不是必然。

同意楼上对E的看法:是无关选项.

但A也有问题:Some of the jays retrieved stored peanuts on the first occasion they were allowed to retrieve food.是说一但这种鸟被允许去找回食物,有一些鸟就找回了peanuts.正如楼上所说"如果假设A不成立，就是说鸟都会先去看cricket，然后发现腐烂了再去找peanut",这样才能确保找回peanut在找回cricket之后,才能说这些鸟是从它们的记忆中recollect specific past events.选项B恰恰能支持这点.

有一点要特别指出:retrieve是"找回"的意思,即以前已经找到过,现在再次找到.   它与"找"是不一样的.  文章从头到尾都用retrieve一词,就是默认不是第一次去找了.

这个题目我还是不明白

觉得E是肯定不对的,我按照逻辑的思路选的A