ANOTHER GWD原文 FOR 1月阅读基金第二十一篇：人类的进化

solomioyi · 发表于 2009-1-19 06:58:00

I am so excited ~~~~~

Please refer this one to 第二十一篇：人类的进化

GWD-31-Q20-Q23
         Anthropologists once thought that the ancestors of modern humans began to walk upright because it freed their hands to use stone tools, which they had begun to make as the species evolved a brain of increased size and mental capacity. But discoveries of the three-million-year-old fossilized remains of our hominid ancestor Australopithecus have yielded substantial anatomical evidence that upright walking appeared prior to the dramatic enlargement of the brain and the development of stone tools.
       Walking on two legs in an upright posture (bipedal locomotion) is a less efficient proposition than walking on all fours (quadrupedal locomotion) because several muscle groups that the quadruped uses for propulsion must instead to
                        provide the biped with stability and control. The shape and configuration of various bones must likewise be modified to allow the muscles to perform these functions in upright walking. Reconstruction of the pelvis (hipbones) and femur (thighbone) of “Lucy”, a three-million-year-old skeleton that is the most complete fossilized skeleton from the australopithecine era, has shown that they are much more like the corresponding bones of the modern human than like those of the most closely related living primate, the quadrupedal chimpanzee. Lucy’s wide, shallow pelvis is actually better suited to bipedal walking than is the rounder, bowl-like pelvis of the modern human, which evolved to form the larger birth canal needed to accommodate the head of a large-brained human infant. By contrast, the head of Lucy’s baby could have been no larger than that of a baby chimpanzee.
   If the small-brained australopithecines were not toolmakers, what evolutionary advantage did they gain by walking upright? One theory is that bipedality evolved in conjunction with the nuclear family: monogamous parents cooperating to care for their offspring. Walking upright permitted the father to use his hands to gather food and carry it to his mate from a distance, allowing the mother to devote more time and energy to nurturing and protecting their children. According to this view, the transition to bipedal walking may have occurred as long as ten million years ago, at the time of the earliest hominids, making it a crucial initiating event in human evolution.
I am glad that I can contribute something to this wonderful site!
Bless everyone of us who is still devote to realizing her/his dream.

solomioyi · 发表于 2009-1-19 06:59:00

20: The passage suggests that proponents of the theory mentioned in lines 50-54 (One theory is … offspring) assume that which of the following steps in human evolution occurred most recently?

A. development of a nuclear family structure

B. transition from walking on all fours to walking upright

C. dramatic enlargement of the brain

D. use of the hands to gather and carry food

E. modification of propulsive muscles to provide stability and control in locomotion

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21: The passage suggests that, in comparison with the hominid australopithecines, modern humans are

A. less well adapted to large group cooperation

B. less well adapted to walking upright

C. more agile in running and climbing

D. more well suited to a nuclear family structure

E. more well suited to cooperative caring for their offspring

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22: According to the passage, the hominid australopithecine most closely resembled a modern human with respect to which of the following characteristics?

A. brain size

B. tool making ability

C. shape of the pelvis

D. method of locomotion

E. preference for certain foods

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23: The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. present an interpretation of the chronological relationship between bipedal locomotion and certain other key aspects of human evolution

B. compare the evolutionary advantages and disadvantages of bipedal locomotion to those of quadrupedal locomotion

C. argue that the transition to a nuclear family structure was a more crucial step in human evolution than was the development of stone tools

D. analyze anatomical evidence of bipedal locomotion to show that the large brain of modern humans developed at a later stage of evolution than was previously believed

E. use examples of muscle and bone structure to illustrate the evolutionary differences between modern humans, australopithecines, and chimpanzees

KEY: CBDA

CHEERS!

[此贴子已经被作者于2009-1-19 7:01:38编辑过]

solomioyi · 发表于 2009-1-19 07:00:00

Please bump this up so that everyone can see this!

饔牛 · 发表于 2009-1-19 07:03:00

好像考试的和这不一样

solomioyi · 发表于 2009-1-19 07:18:00

well, I think both this one and the one in JJ are from a more comprehensive article about human evolution.

It is not a identical one, but 70% similarity found.

take a look at the third paragraph.

what do you think

btw, thank you for your effort on collecting those JJ.

solomioyi · 发表于 2009-1-19 07:19:00

If the small-brained australopithecines were not toolmakers, what evolutionary advantage did they gain by walking upright? One theory is that bipedality evolved in conjunction with the nuclear family: monogamous parents cooperating to care for their offspring. Walking upright permitted the father to use his hands to gather food and carry it to his mate from a distance, allowing the mother to devote more time and energy to nurturing and protecting their children. According to this view, the transition to bipedal walking may have occurred as long as ten million years ago, at the time of the earliest hominids, making it a crucial initiating event in human evolution

第三段：既然，大脑也没进化，还不会制造工具，那么A类人猿那么早就站起来干嘛呢，文章说一个假说认为是这样雄猿就可以去觅食，雌猿就可以比以前更细心的照料下一代了。

饔牛 · 发表于 2009-1-19 07:21:00

我问过考到的人，说不是的。

serior · 发表于 2009-1-19 11:46:00

至少可以把生词扫扫。谢谢。

ANOTHER GWD原文 FOR 1月阅读基金第二十一篇：人类的进化