请教陈向东 逻辑应用与技法题－43, 45

43，So called environmentalist have argued that the proposed golden lake development would interfere with bird migration patterns.However the fact that these same people have raised environmental objections to virtually every development proposal brought before the council in recent years indicates that their expressed concern for bird migration patterns is nothing but a mask for their antidevelopment antiprogress agenda. Their claim therefore should be dismissed without further consideration.

which one of the following questionable argumentative techniques is emplyed in the passage?

A, taking the failure of given argument to establish its conclusion as the basis for claiming that the view expressed by that conclusion is false

B, rejecting the conclusion of an argument on the basis of a claim about the motives of those advancing the argument.

C, using a few exceptional cases as the basis for a claim about what is true in general

D, misrepresenting evidence that supports the psotion the argument is intended to refute

E, assuming that what is true of a group as a whole is necessarily true of each member of that group.

答案：B.        我觉老命题是说保护环境出发，而新命题是从反对发展出发。难道这反驳有疑问吗？ 请辞教。并问那种类型的反驳是有效的。

45，The senator has long held to general printable that no true work of art is obscene and that there is no conflict between the need to encourage free artistic expression and the need to protect the sensibility of the public from obsecnity. When well known works generally viewed as obscene are cited as possible counterexamples, the senator justifies acepting the principle by saying that if these works really are obscene then they can not be works of art.

the senator's reasoning contains which one of the following error?

A, It seeks to persuade by emotional rather than intellectual means

B, It contains an implict contradicition

C, It relies on an assertion of the senator authority

D, It assumes whtat it seeks to establish.

E, It attempts to justify a position by appeal to an irrelevant consideration.

答案： D， 请辞教