Kaplan verbal 阅读方法， 顺便问一个问题

Chapter 3 Reading the GMAT Way

So what does GMAT reading, as distinct from everyday reading, involve? Broadly stated, it involves two things

1,  Reading for the author's purpose-the "why" of the text

2.  Reading for the passage's structure-the  how" of the text

 Almost every single GMAT Reading Comprehension question-and Critical Reasonin8 question, for that  matter-fundamentally hinges on your ability to step back from the text and analyze why the author is writing in the first place, and how she puts her text together.

The first task of GMAT reading is to use the clues provided by the author to figure out what she has in mind as she strings sentences together to create a unified whole-a full passage. Reading in this way is the first step towards raising your GMAT verbal score.

TOPIC AND SCOPE

While you're trying to figure out the author's purpose, you should also take note of the topic and scope of the passage. The topic of the passage is the raw subject matter. The scope of the passage is the fraction of the topic that interests the author.

Note also that the reference at the end of the first sentence signals that the scope is likely to extend, before the passage ends, to other crops. But the qualifier "perhaps, in time" suggests that those other crops, if they're mentioned at all, will be of only passing interest;

in your GMAT reading,  you'II want to identify the scope of the passage, as this will
            allow you to answer the questions quickly and accurately.

GETTING THE GIST

Here are a few ways to get into the habit of reading for the gist:

·             Recognize that not all sentences are created equal. Some are more important than others, and  you are the one who has to judge which information is vital.

·           Give only a cursory reading to secondary or trivial details.

·          Zero in on the topic sentence in each paragraph,

·        Read the important stuff carefully, and paraphrase it to be sure you understand it

Try the same process with the following paragraphs, reading and distilling them one at a time

Remember:

·           Think of the topic, scope, and purpose.

·         Put the prose into your own, casual words.

·           Cut through the details-think about why they are there, and not so much what they're saying.

Keywords

Illustration Keywords signal that an example is about to arrive. in each case, what's about to follow is an example of that person's thinking.

Sequence Keywords are the author's way of telling you, "Hey, there's some sort of order at work here:' They announce that a logical arrangement of the authors reasoning is taking place. Continuation Keywords announce that more of the same is about to come up.And is the most

common one in English; Also (there's a signal for you!), the colon usually does the same job: It tells you that what follows

expands upon, or continues, wHat came before. Note that some Continuation Keywords can also function as Sequence Keywords.

Contrast Keywords signal an opposition or shift. There are lots of these besides the one we provided. Contrast Keywords are among the most significant in both Reading Comprehension and Critical Reasoning, because so many passages are based on contrast or opposition. Almost certainly, something important is happening when a Contrast Keyword shows up.

Conclusion Keywords signal that the author is about to sum up or announce her thesis The most

common one is therefore, Since these Keywords have to do with the author's logic, ifs small wonder that they're especially crucial for Critical Reasoning.

Evidence Keywords, which tell you that the author is about to provide support for a point.

Emphasis keywords maybe the most welcome. If we’re supposed to read for author piint of view, and we are, what better than to stumble across words and phrases whose sole purpose is to announce “I , the author, find this important”?   

Keyword In  verbal

illustration keywords: for example          for instance  as Maya Angelou says

                                       in the words of Jean-Paul Sartre                                                    

sequence keywords:   first of all /   second (third, fourth, etc) /next /finally

Continuation keywords:  

                and / Also/as well as /  Likewise/ At the same time / In addition  / Furthermore/ moreover/冒号
                    

contrast keywords:  

                         on the other hand/ Although /By contrast  / However /  Conversely//Yet/Whereas // Despite / Nevertheless / Otherwise  /Though / Notwithstanding 虽然尽管
                         /Alternatively

conclusion keywords:   therefore/Consequently /  As a result /Thus    /  Hence / it can be seen that / So                                                  -                                            We can conclude that   / in conclusion             

evidence keywords: because,         since, for,
                                   given that

emphasis keywords:  above all / most of all/essentially /primarily /  indeed /especially
                

Chapter 4 Reading comprehension

ANATOMY OF A READING COMPREHENSION QUESTION

  a typical Reading Comp question includes the passage ,the questions and answer choices.

 The passage :Reading  Comprehension passages are written in dense, often technical prose, and are adapted from books and journals in the broad areas of (i) business, (2) the social sciences, and (3) the natural sciences.
        

You  can expect to get at least one of each type of passage on the GMAT you take. Time permitting, you are encouraged to read the entire passage when you first encounter it, but the focus of this reading should be on the main idea or gist of the passage, and not on the mass of supporting details that the passage will invariably contain.

THE KAPLAN FOUR-STEP METHOD FOR READING  COMPREHENSION

1.       attack the opening paragraph of the passage.

The key is to be an active reader. This means thinking about what you're reading; paraphrasing the complicated parts; determining the topic, scope, and author's purpose in writing the passage; taking note of the tone; and asking yourself questions about the passage.

2.       create a mental road map.

3.       stop to sum up.

4.       attack the questions.

TIME/ SECTION MANAGEMENT (Plan A-C)

How you approach reading the passage may vary according to     

·         Where you are in the Verbal Section      

·         Whether you're running into time trouble

·         How long the passage is                                                                                                                                                                                               

Plan A: The Optimal Approach

  enough time to finish the entire section and you'II want to read the entire passage

  The key principle    --- read actively for the gist of the passage.  

 Focus on the Author.
              

---what the author is thinking and doing?   

-----why the passage has been written?

 -------how it has been put together?

 ------why it's organized the way it is  ?

--------what the author's purpose is in writing it?

   Don't Sweat the Details.

 ----read over details quickly

  ---- Trying to comprehend and assimilate吸收 all of the content is a  waste of time.     

 ------Always boil down the passage to its basics.

   Read the First Third Closely.  

---  Because the topic and scope are revealed here

----- the purpose, the main idea

-----the author's attitude towards the subject

---- the first third provides very strong hints about the direction in which the text will go.

  Note Paragraph Topics and Make a Road Map.  

----- take note of paragraph topics and make a mental road map.  

----What s the purpose of this paragraph?

----What’s its basic point?

---How does it fit into the overall structure of the passage?

 Note: lt should not take you much more than two minutes to read through the passage in this manner. At the end of this reading, you should be able to state in your own words the main idea of the passage.

Plan B: The Alternative Approach (not enough time  & long passage)

 If you're running out of time or finding it difficult to make it through the entire passage, it’s time to

 move to Plan B. This involves skipping over the parts of the passage that are least likely to contain vita

 information. Here's how it works.

Read the first third of the passage carefully, then read the first sentence of each subsequent paragraph    and the last sentence of the passage. Once again, focus on the gist of the passage. Apply the same    reading principles as before, namely . (仔细读1，3段落， 并且读每一段落的第一句话和文章的最后一句话。在集中在段落的要点。应用同样的原则)

·             Read with authorial intent in mind: Ask yourself, "What is the author trying to convey? Why is  the passage structured as it is?”

·             Even in the first third that you will be reading, focus on the big idea(s),
            not the supporting details.

·          If you're still unsure about the main idea of the passage from the first third of the passage, pay especially close attention to the last sentence of the passage; this is where many authors tie together the loose ends and clarify the main idea of the passage.

Note: This strategy is especially useful on longer passages, particularly difficult science passages or

passages that are dense with details.                          

Admittedly, reading just these two sentences misses a lot, but you could probably still tell that the author is advocating a new approach to managing federal forests. Obviously, you would want to read the passage this way only if you're running very short on time, Now let's turn to the questions.

Plan C: The emergency approach-只读首段首句和末端尾句。

You may still be able to glean the main idea of the passage just by reading the first and last sentences of the passage.

ATTACKIKIG THE QUESTIONS

 there are  two broad types of Gmat Reading Comprehension questions:

global questions, which ask about he passage as a whole, and detail questions, which require you to locate information in the passage to answer very specific questions.

Global Questions

  wrong choices have these characters:

·            Are too specific, dealing with just one portion of the passage(太具体，仅仅是文章一部分的内容)

·             Are too broad, going outside the scope of the passage（太宽，在段落范围之外）

·         * Contradict the passage（与文章矛盾）    

·         Are too strongly worded; if an answer choice contains strong wording, ask yourself whether the wording is clearly supported by the passage (if not, it's wrong)

Note: if you’re down to two answers, it pays to take the time to look for difference between them and, if necessary, to find something in the passage that will make one of the choices wrong.

Detail Questions

 how to find the correct choice? You should be able to locate the relevant information to a detail question easily either by:

·          The wording in the question, which will lead you to similar wording in the passage, or

·           Your road map, which will help you to know where to look.  

  wrong choices have these characters:

·          Contradict the passage与文章矛盾

·         Use similar wording, but distort what's said in the passage 使用相似的措辞但是扭曲文章的内容

·         Go beyond the scope of the passage, stating things that aren't said不在文章范围之内，陈述文章不存在的内容

·         Paraphrase from the wrong part of the passage (in other words, they don't answer the question being asked)没有回答问题，从文章的wrong part 解释答案。   

·         Use extreme wording使用极端的词汇

line reference questions--Sometimes the test maker is kind enough to tell the answer

Sometimes reading just the sentence that contains the line reference will not be sufficient; you may have to read a few lines before and after the reference to get a sense of the context.

By the way, questions that ask about the author's tone or attitude are gifts. You simply have to figure out whether the author's attitude to the subject at hand is positive or negative, and eliminate answers that go the wrong way. Then get rid of answer choices that are too extreme or that are otherwise off.  

                 Global questions (1/4)         about how it's put together

              - - (1)main idea questions   what the author is trying to convey            focused on
            understanding                             

                --(2)structure questions     how  he has set about accomplishing          the authorial intent

               Detail questions(1/4)                  

                --line reference questions

                 Inference question         global

                                                       detail

                  special questions      Roman number questions

                                                   except questions

Inference Questions

Any time you are asked to determine what a passage suggests or what can be inferred from a passage, you are being asked to draw an inference, rather than find what is explicitly stated in the passage.

the GMAT writers don't expect you to infer too much when they ask an inference question. While you may occasionally have to combine information from two parts of the passage or make a deduction.

the correct answer to an inference question is the one answer that must be true given what’s stated in the passage. Consequently, common wrong answer choices on inference questions are those are those that:

·         Contradict the passage

·         are too strongly worded

·         Go beyond the scope of the passage, suggesting things that aren't said

Special Question Formats

Roman Numeral Questions

Roman Numeral questions are quite popular on the GMAT, and are generally considered harder than average. This is because these questions require you to look for three pieces of information in the passage by which to evaluate the three enumerated options. We recommend that you consider each option one at a time and that you eliminate answer choices as you go along.

EXCEPT Questions

 EXCEPT questions are considered the toughest of all Reading Comprehension questions. This is because these questions require you to go to the answer choices and find information in the passage that will corroborate all of the answer choices EXCEPT the correct one. In other words, you're looking for the one answer choice that's wrong. The good news about EXCEPT questions is that if you get one on the CAT, it means you must be doing well.

哪位NN能帮忙分析以下文章和问题。

谢谢！！！！！！！111

PASSAGE 3-CIVIL RIGHTS LAW

         There is an intriguing note to the current  call upon civil rights law to help remedy the          undervaluation of women's work[MSOffice1] . Until[MSOffice2]  fairly recently, government was not expected to(5)   solve workers' economic grievances, however  valid they might be. Many assumed that the    responsibility lay with workers themselves.     Collective bargaining was the preferred instrument for pursuing pay equity for women.(10)  Rather than call upon the law to regulate the    market from the outside, one could try to  reshape or otherwise influence the market so  that women themselves would be better able  to address the problem. This could be done(15)  by raising absolute wage levels in low-paying,   predominantly female industries (such as
             retail clothing) or by changing the pay relationship between largely female and largely    male occupations within a single industry,(20) such as auto manufacturing. Through union   representation, employees in traditionally   female jobs in an industry could identify the   actual degree of underpayment of their work and then, as a group, pressure their employer(25)  to remedy it. In addition, this process would  encourage those affected-men and women  alike-to be sensitive to the limits of available  resources, to be pragmatic about the pace at       which the wage structure could be revised.

(30)   I do not mean to suggest that collective  bargaining is a foolproof[MSOffice3]  means for closing  the gender gap in wages. To the extent that the problem involves the undervaluation of nonunion female occupations in an otherwise(35)  unionized industry, political hurdles will discourage unionized employees from supporting revisions in the wage structure. And to the extent that the problem is the concentration  of women in low-paying industries-textiles,(40) for example-the product market imposes  serious economic constraints on a substantial  closing of the wage gap.

           Despite the imperfections of tools like collective bargaining for redressing[MSOffice4]  wage disparities(45) between men and women, a reliance on  law or government is favorable for neither individual firms nor our economy as a whole.   Nonetheless, although opponents of mandatory public remedies may correctly fear(50)  those remedies as being a cure worse than the  disease, they are wrong when they imply that   the current system of wage determination by   business management is perfectly healthy.

13.   According to the author, the process of uinonization and collective bargaining could do all

        of the following EXCEPT

A.     overcome [MSOffice1] market pressures that keep wages   in some industries lower than in others

（这个在原文提到了“one could try to  reshape or otherwise influence the market so  that women themselves would be better able  to address the problem. ” 难道这个不是？）

B.     encourage worker flexibility in adjusting a   new pay scale to economic conditions

(这个  在原文的什么地方提到了，请帮忙具体解释)

C.    help workers to apply group pressure on employers

D.    aid in determining the degree to which  women are being underpaid

E.       sensitize workers to the limits of their industry's ability to institute change
                    

OA： A

16.   It can be inferred that the author's attitude towards       opponents of government regulation of wage determination mentioned in the last paragraph is    characterized by which of the following?

     I.    Distrust of their motives

     II.   Sympathy with some of their concerns(从原文何处可以理解为同情他们的关注？)

   III .  Disagreement with some of their assumptions

    IV.  Opposition to their political

A.     I only

B.     iii only

C.    I and II only

D.    II and III only

E.     I,II and IV

 OA： D

18.   The passage refers to which of the following  as reasons for preferring collective bargaining

        to legislation as a method of ending the  undervaluation of women's work?

     I.    The greater responsiveness of collective    bargaining to existing conditions that affect

                wage levels

 II. The general desirability of using private   rather than public remedies

      III.   The potential of collective bargaining for             achieving a uniform national solution to the

                 problem of gender wage disparities (不理解为什么III正确)

A.     I only

B.     IiI only

C.    I and II only

D.    II and III only

E.     i, ii, and III

 OA： C

13.   According to the author, the process of uinonization and collective bargaining could do all

        of the following EXCEPT

A.     overcome [MSOffice1] market pressures that keep wages   in some industries lower than in others

（这个在原文提到了“one could try to  reshape or otherwise influence the market so  that women themselves would be better able  to address the problem. ” 难道这个不是？）

B.     encourage worker flexibility in adjusting a   new pay scale to economic conditions

(这个  在原文的什么地方提到了，请帮忙具体解释)

C.    help workers to apply group pressure on employers

D.    aid in determining the degree to which  women are being underpaid

E.       sensitize workers to the limits of their industry's ability to institute change
        

OA： A

16.   It can be inferred that the author's attitude towards       opponents of government regulation of wage determination mentioned in the last paragraph is    characterized by which of the following?

     I.    Distrust of their motives

     II.   Sympathy with some of their concerns(从原文何处可以理解为同情他们的关注？)

   III .  Disagreement with some of their assumptions

    IV.  Opposition to their political

A.     I only

B.     iii only

C.    I and II only

D.    II and III only

E.     I,II and IV

 OA： D

18.   The passage refers to which of the following  as reasons for preferring collective bargaining

        to legislation as a method of ending the  undervaluation of women's work?

     I.    The greater responsiveness of collective    bargaining to existing conditions that affect

                wage levels

 II. The general desirability of using private   rather than public remedies

      III.   The potential of collective bargaining for             achieving a uniform national solution to the

                 problem of gender wage disparities (不理解为什么III正确)

A.     I only

B.     IiI only

C.    I and II only

D.    II and III only

E.     i, ii, and III

 OA： C

                 problem of gender wage disparities (不理解为什么III不正确)