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gt;.<<br /> When Jamaican-born social activist Marcus Garvey came to the United States</div><br /></div><br /><br /> in 1916, he arrived at precisely the right historical moment. What made the moment right was the <span style="background-color:yellow;">return</span> of African American soldiers from the First World War in 1918, which created an<span style="color:#ff0000;"> ideal constituency </span>for <span style="color:#ff0000;">someone with</span> Garvey's message of <span style="color:#ff0000;">unity, pride, and improved conditions for African American communities.</span> Hoping to participate in the traditional American ethos of <span style="color:#ff0000;">individual success</span>, many African American people entered the <span style="background-color:yellow;">armed forces</span><span style="color:#ff0000;">with enthusiasm</span>, only to find themselves segregated from white troops and subjected to numerous <span style="color:#0000ff;">indignities</span>. They returned to a United States</font> that was as segregated as it had been before the war. Considering similar experiences, anthropologist Anthony F. C. ** has argued that when a <span style="color:#0000ff;">perceptible</span> gap arises between a culture's expectations and the reality of that culture, the resulting tension can inspire a <span style="color:#0000ff;">revitalization</span> movement: an organized, conscious effort <span style="color:#ff0000;">to <span style="background-color:yellow;">construct</span> a culture </span>that <span style="color:#0000ff;">fulfills</span> long standing expectations.<br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:yellow;">Some scholars</span> have argued that <span style="color:#ff0000;">Garvey <span style="background-color:aqua;">created</span> the</span><span style="color:#ff0000;">consciousness</span> from which he built<span style="color:#ff6600;">, in the 1920s,</span><span style="color:#ff0000;">the largest revitalization movement</span> in African American history. But such an argument only tends to<span style="color:#ff0000;"><span style="background-color:yellow;">obscure</span> the consciousness of identity, strength,</span><span style="background-color:yellow;">and</span><span style="color:#ff0000;">sense of history</span> that<span style="color:#ff0000;"> already existed in the African American community. </span>Garvey <span style="color:#ff0000;"><span style="background-color:aqua;">did not create</span></span><span style="color:#ff0000;"> this consciousness;</span> rather, he gave this consciousness <span style="color:#ff0000;">its political expression</span>.<br /></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><br /></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><br /></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><br /></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><br /></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><em><font face="Times New Roman">Questions 14-17 refer to the passage above.<br /></font></em></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:red;">14.</span> According to the passage, which of the following contributed to Marcus Garvey's success?<br /></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;">(A) He introduced cultural and historical consciousness to the African American community.<br /></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;">(B) He believed enthusiastically in the traditional American success ethos.<br /></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:aqua;">(C) His audience had already formed a consciousness that made it receptive to his message.</span><br /></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:yellow;">(D) His message appealed to critics of African American</span><span style="background-color:yellow;">support for United States military <span style="color:#ff0000;">involvement in the First World War.</span></span><span style="color:#ff0000;"><font face="宋体">没有提到</font></span><span style="color:#ff0000;"><br /></span></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;">(E) He supported the movement to protest segregation that had emerged prior to his arrival in the United States</div><br /></div><br /><br />.<br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;">15. The passage suggests that many African American people responded to their experiences in the armed forces in which of the following ways?<br /></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;">(A) They maintained as civilians their enthusiastic allegiance to the armed forces.<br /></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;">(B) They questioned United States</div><br /></div><br /><br /> involvement in the First World War.<br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;">(C) They joined political organizations to protest the segregation of African American troops and the indignities they suffered in the military.<br /></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:aqua;">(D) They became aware of the gap between their expectations and the realities of American culture.</span><br /></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;">(E) They repudiated Garvey's message of pride and unity.<br /></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:red;">16.</span> Itcan be inferred from the passage that the "scholars" mentioned in line 24 believe which of the following to be true?<br /></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:yellow;">(A) Revitalization<span style="color:#ff0000;"> resulted from the political activism of returning African American soldiers</span> following the First World War.</span><br /></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:aqua;">(B) Marcus Garvey had to change </span><font face="宋体"><span style="background-color:aqua;">既然是</span></font><span style="background-color:aqua;">Garvey</span><span style="color:#ff0000;"><span style="background-color:aqua;"> created</span></span><font face="宋体"><span style="background-color:aqua;">新建的意识，那么就要推翻一些已有的。</span></font><span style="background-color:aqua;">a number of prevailing attitudes in order for his mass movement to find a foothold in the United States</span></div><br /></div><br /><br />.<br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;">(C) The<span style="color:#ff0000;"> prevailing sensibility</span> of the African American community provided the <span style="color:#ff0000;">foundation</span> of Marcus Garvey's <span style="color:#ff0000;">political appeal.<br /></span></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;">(D) Marcus Garvey hoped to <span style="color:#ff0000;">revitalize</span> consciousness of cultural and<span style="color:#ff0000;"></span>historical identity<span style="color:#ff0000;"> in the African American community.<br /></span></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;">(E) The<span style="color:#ff0000;"> goal </span>of the mass movement that Marcus Garvey helped bring into being was<span style="color:#ff0000;"> to build on the pride and unity</span> among African Americans.<br /></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;">17. According to the passage, many African American people joined the armed forces during the First World War for which of the following reasons?<br /></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;">(A) They wished to escape worsening economic conditions in African American communities.<br /></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:aqua;">(B) They expected to fulfill ideals of personal attainment.</span><font face="宋体">简单定位，没看清</font><br /></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;">(C) They sought to express their loyalty to the United States</div><br /></div><br /><br />.<br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:yellow;">(D) They hoped that joining the military would help advance the cause of desegregation.</span><br /></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;">(E) They saw military service as an opportunity to fulfill Marcus Garvey's political vision.<br /></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><br /> 看头几排就把我看晕了，完全没读懂，后面就草草读完，题目就是靠回原文定位做的。求大牛大神解救！！！<br /> Manufacturers have to do more than build large <span style="color:#0000ff;">manufacturing</span> plants to realize economies of scale. It is true that as the capacity of a manufacturing operation rises, costs per unit of output fall as plant size approaches "minimum efficient scale," where the cost per unit of output reaches a minimum, determined roughly by the state of existing technology and size of the potential market. However, minimum efficient scale cannot be fully realized unless a steady "throughput" (the flow of materials through a plant) is attained. The throughput needed to maintain the optimal scale of production requires careful coordination not only of the flow of goods through the production process, but also of the flow of input from suppliers and the flow of output to wholesalers and final consumers. If throughput falls below a critical point, unit costs rise sharply and profits disappear. A manufacturer's fixed costs and "sunk costs" (original capital investment in the physical plant) do not decrease when production declines due to inadequate supplies of raw materials, problems on the factory floor, or inefficient sales networks. Consequently, potential economies of scale are based on the physical and engineering characteristics of the production facilities—that is, on tangible capital—but realized economies of scale are operational and organizational, and depend on knowledge, skills, experience, and teamwork—that is, on organized human capabilities, or intangible capital. <br /></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><font face="Calibri">The importance of investing in intangible capital becomes obvious when one looks at what happens in new capital-intensive manufacturing industries. Such industries are quickly dominated, not by the first firms to acquire technologically sophisticated plants of theoretically optimal size, but rather by the first to exploit the full potential of such plants. Once some firms achieve this, a market becomes extremely hard to enter. Challengers must construct comparable plants and do so after the first movers have already worked out problems with suppliers or with new production processes. <span style="color:#0000ff;">Challengers</span> must create distribution networks and marketing systems in markets where first <span style="color:#0000ff;">movers</span> have all the contacts and know-how. And challengers must recruit management teams to compete with those that have already mastered these functional and strategic activities.<font size="2"><br /></font></font></div><br /></div><br /><br /><font size="2"><br /></font><font size="2"><font face="Calibri"></font><br /></font><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><em><font face="Calibri">Questions 37-41 refer to the passage above.<br /></font></em></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><font face="Calibri">37. The passage suggests that in order for a manufacturer in a capital-intensive industry to have a decisive advantage over competitors making similar products, the manufacturer must<br /></font></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><font face="Calibri">(A) be the first in the industry to build production facilities of theoretically optimal size<br /></font></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><font face="Calibri">(B) make every effort to keep fixed and sunk costs as low as possible<br /></font></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><font face="Calibri"><span style="background-color:aqua;">(C) be one of the first to operate its manufacturing plants at minimum efficient scale</span><br /></font></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><font face="Calibri">(D) produce goods of higher quality than those produced by direct competitors<br /></font></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><font face="Calibri">(E) stockpile raw materials at production sites in order to ensure a steady flow of such materials<br /></font></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><font face="Calibri">38. The passage suggests that which of the following is true of a manufacturer's fixed and sunk costs?<br /></font></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><font face="Calibri">(A) The extent to which they are determined by market conditions for the goods being manufactured is frequently underestimated.<br /></font></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><font face="Calibri">(B) Ifthey are kept as low as possible, the manufacturer is very likely to realize significant profits.<br /></font></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><font face="Calibri">(C) They are the primary factor that determines whether a manufacturer will realize economies of scale.<br /></font></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><font face="Calibri">(D) They should be on a par with the fixed and sunk costs of the manufacturer's competitors.<br /></font></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><font face="Calibri"><span style="background-color:aqua;">(E) They are not affected by fluctuations in a manufacturing plant's throughput.</span><br /></font></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><font face="Calibri">39. In the context of the passage as a whole, the second paragraph serves primarily to<br /></font></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><font face="Calibri"><span style="background-color:aqua;">(A) provide an example to support the argument presented in the first paragraph</span><br /></font></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><font face="Calibri">(B) evaluate various strategies discussed in the first paragraph<br /></font></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:yellow;"><font face="Calibri">(C) introduce evidence that<span style="color:#ff0000;"> undermines</span></font></span><span style="color:#ff0000;"><font face="宋体"><span style="background-color:yellow;">看错</span></font></span><font face="Calibri"><span style="color:#ff0000;"><span style="background-color:yellow;"></span></span><span style="background-color:yellow;">the argument presented in the first paragraph</span><br /></font></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><font face="Calibri">(D) anticipate possible objections to the argument presented in the first paragraph<br /></font></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><font face="Calibri">(E) demonstrate the potential dangers of a commonly used strategy<strong><font size="2"><br /></font></strong></font></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><font face="Calibri">40. The passage LEAST supports the inference that a manufacturer's throughput could be adversely affected by<br /></font></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><font face="Calibri">(A) a mistake in judgment regarding the selection of a wholesaler<br /></font></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><font face="Calibri">(B) a breakdown in the factory's machinery<br /></font></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><font face="Calibri"><span style="background-color:yellow;">(C) a labor dispute on the factory floor</span><br /></font></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><font face="Calibri"><span style="background-color:aqua;">(D) an increase in the cost per unit of output</span><br /></font></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><font face="Calibri">(E) a drop in the efficiency of the sales network<br /></font></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><font face="Calibri">41. The primary purpose of the passage is to<br /></font></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><font face="Calibri"><span style="background-color:aqua;">(A) point out the importance of intangible capital for realizing economies of scale in manufacturing</span><br /></font></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><font face="Calibri">(B) show that manufacturers frequently gain a competitive advantage from investment in large manufacturing facilities<br /></font></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><font face="Calibri">(C) argue that large manufacturing facilities often fail because of inadequate investment in both tangible and intangible capital<br /></font></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><font face="Calibri">(D) suggest that most new industries are likely to be dominated by firms that build large manufacturing plants early<br /></font></div><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:yellow;"><font face="Calibri">(E) explain why large manufacturing plants usually do not help manufacturers achieve economies of scale<br /></font></span></div><br /></div> |
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发表于 2013-2-11 22:32:17
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