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Hi 大家好，閱讀打卡訓練第十一天。
Materials/sources: OG2020
Passage:
For most species of animals, the number of individuals in the species is inversely proportional to the average body size for members of the species: the smaller the body size, the larger the number of individual animals. The tamarin, a small South American monkey, breaks this rule. Of the ten primate species studied in Peru's Manu National Park, for example, the two species of tamarins, saddle-backed and emperor, are the eighth and ninth least abundant, respectively. Only the pygmy marmoset, which is even smaller, is less abundant. The tamarin's scarcity is not easily explained; it cannot be dismissed as a consequence of diet, because tamarins feed on the same mixture of fruit, nectar, and small prey as do several of their more numerous larger counterparts, including the two capuchins known as the squirrel monkey and the night monkey.Although the relative proportions of fruits consumed varies somewhat among species, it is hard to imagine that such subtle differences are crucial to understanding the relative rarity of tamarins.
To emphasize just how anomalously rare tamarins are, we can compare them to the other omnivorous primates in the community. In terms of numbers of individuals per square kilometer, they rank well below the two capuchins, the squirrel monkey and the night monkey. And in terms of biomass, or the total weight of the individuals that occupy a unit area of habitat, each tamarin species is present at only one-twentieth the mass of brown capuchins or one-tenth that of squirrel monkeys. To gain another perspective, consider the spatial requirements of tamarins. Tamarins are rigidly territorial, vigorously expelling any intruders that may stray within the sharply defined boundaries of their domains. Groups invest an appreciable part of their time and energy in patrolling their territorial boundaries, announcing their presence to their neighbors with shrill,sweeping cries. Such concerted territoriality is rather exceptional among primates, though the gibbons and siamangs of Asia show it, as do a few other New World species such as the titi and night monkeys. What is most surprising about tamarin territories is their size. Titi monkeys routinely live within territories of 6 to 8 hectares, and night monkeys seldom defend more than 10 hectares, but tamarin groups routinely occupy areas of 30 to 120 hectares. Contrast this with the 1 to 2 hectares needed by the common North American gray squirrel, a nonterritorial mammal of about the same size. A group of tamarins uses about as much space as a troop of brown capuchins, though the latter weighs 15 times as much. Thus, in addition to being rare, tamarins require an amount of space that seems completely out of proportion to their size.Such concerted territoriality is rather exceptional among primates, though the gibbons and siamangs of Asia show it, as do a few other New World species such as the titi and night monkeys. What is most surprising about tamarin territories is their size. Titi monkeys routinely live within territories of 6 to 8 hectares, and night monkeys seldom defend more than 10 hectares, but tamarin groups routinely occupy areas of 30 to 120 hectares. Contrast this with the 1 to 2 hectares needed by the common North American gray squirrel, a nonterritorial mammal of about the same size. A group of tamarins uses about as much space as a troop of brown capuchins, though the latter weighs 15 times as much. Thus, in addition to being rare, tamarins require an amount of space that seems completely out of proportion to their size. Such concerted territoriality is rather exceptional among primates, though the gibbons and siamangs of Asia show it, as do a few other New World species such as the titi and night monkeys. What is most surprising about tamarin territories is their size. Titi monkeys routinely live within territories of 6 to 8 hectares, and night monkeys seldom defend more than 10 hectares, but tamarin groups routinely occupy areas of 30 to 120 hectares. Contrast this with the 1 to 2 hectares needed by the common North American gray squirrel, a nonterritorial mammal of about the same size. A group of tamarins uses about as much space as a troop of brown capuchins, though the latter weighs 15 times as much. Thus, in addition to being rare, tamarins require an amount of space that seems completely out of proportion to their size. 不知道為什麼刪不掉這一段，所以反白了
簡化/思路:
For most species of animals, the number of individuals in the species is inversely proportional to the average body size for members of the species: the smaller the body size, the larger the number of individual animals. (介紹概念, 作者想討論的概念; 解釋了一下這個概念的原則)
The tamarin, a small South American monkey, breaks this rule. Of the ten primate species studied in Peru's Manu National Park, for example, the two species of tamarins, saddle-backed and emperor, are the eighth and ninth least abundant, respectively. (寫這句話的目的是說明了有例外; *哪些物種不適用第一句說明的原則: small south American monkey; 後面給出實際數字來支持這這個例外) Only the pygmy marmoset, which is even smaller, is less abundant. (這句話說明: 不單單只有上面舉出來的那些動物, marmoset也不適用這個原則, 繼續支持作者在第二句做出的contrast)
The tamarin's scarcity is not easily explained; it cannot be dismissed as a consequence of diet , because tamarins feed on the same mixture of fruit, nectar, and small prey as do several of their more numerous larger counterparts, including the two capuchins known as the squirrel monkey and the night monkey. Although the relative proportions of fruits consumed varies somewhat among species, it is hard to imagine that such subtle differences are crucial to understanding the relative rarity of tamarins. (作者這認為這樣的現像很難解釋; 不能將他們的飲食屏除在考慮之外- <原因: 攝取的食物都一樣, 就是攝取量不同>)
To emphasize just how anomalously rare tamarins are, we can compare them to the other omnivorous primates in the community. In terms of numbers of individuals per square kilometer, they rank well below the two capuchins, the squirrel monkey and the night monkey. (作者想要告訴我們, tamarins多麽的rare; 用了其他類比方法, 讓我們去了解- <numbers of individuals per square kilometer>) And in terms of biomass, or the total weight of the individuals that occupy a unit area of habitat, each tamarin species is present at only one-twentieth the mass of brown capuchins or one-tenth that of squirrel monkeys. (接續上句者目的就是說除了小以外, 他們也相對較輕*比較的對像是cpuchins and squirrel monkey)
To gain another perspective, consider the spatial requirements of tamarins. Tamarins are rigidly territorial, vigorously expelling any intruders that may stray within the sharply defined boundaries of their domains. Groups invest an appreciable part of their time and energy in patrolling their territorial boundaries, announcing their presence to their neighbors with shrill, sweeping cries. (先暫停一下下: <身高, 體重, 都說了, 這裡要說的是對空間的需求>, 後面詳細講Tamarins對空間有著怎麼樣需求- 會對領土是很possessive的)
Such concerted territoriality is rather exceptional among primates, though the gibbons and siamangs of Asia show it, as do a few other New World species such as the titi and night monkeys. (重點: contrast: 這樣的佔有慾很少見, 但是G, S, titi, night monkey也有一樣的行為)
What is most surprising about tamarin territories is their size. (為什麼寫這句? <說明了身高, 體重, 佔有慾, 現在說它們的領土的大小>)
Titi monkeys routinely live within territories of 6 to 8 hectares, and night monkeys seldom defend more than 10 hectares, but tamarin groups routinely occupy areas of 30 to 120 hectares. Contrast this with the 1 to 2 hectares needed by the common North American gray squirrel, a nonterritorial mammal of about the same size. A group of tamarins uses about as much space as a troop of brown capuchins, though the latter weighs 15 times as much. Thus, in addition to being rare, tamarins require an amount of space that seems completely out of proportion to their size. (最後說明為什麼這一點讓人值得關注, 寫了他們佔地面積比其他被比較的對象的土地面積多; 這一點更是呼應一開始說的, 他們不適用第一段第一句的那個原則)
總結:
第一段: 先引入一個原則, 後面後面說明不適用於這個原則的生物- 以實際數字證明, 並且說明這樣的特別性很難解釋。
第二段: 列舉四個點來說明他跟其他物種相較下，他們的特別性在哪。
1. The author indicates that tamarin territories are
A. surprisingly large (列舉四個點裡的，最後一個原因)
B. poorly situated
C. unusually abundant in food resources
D. incapable of supporting large troops of tamarins
E. larger in Peru than in other parts of South America
2. The author mentions the spatial requirements of the gray squirrel in order to
A. explain why they are so common
B. demonstrate the consequences of their nonterritoriality (定位最後一段;Contrast this with the 1 to 2 hectares needed by the common North American gray squirrel, a nonterritorial mammal of about the same size; 有contrast的部分)
C. emphasize the unusual territorial requirements of the tamarin
D. provide an example of a major difference between squirrels and monkeys
E. provide an example of an animal with requirements similar to those of the tamarin
3. The author regards the differences between the diets of the tamarins and several larger species as
A. generally explicable in terms of territory size
B. apparently too small to explain the rarity of tamarins (定位第一段最後一句: it is hard to imagine that such subtle differences are crucial to understanding the relative rarity of tamarins.)
C. wholly predictable on the basis of differences in body size
D. a result of the rigid territoriality of tamarins
E. a significant factor in determining behavioral differences
4. Which of the following would most probably be regarded by the author as anomalous?
A. A large primate species that eats mostly plants
B. A species of small mammals that is fiercely territorial
C. Two species of small primates that share the same territories
D. A species of small birds that is more abundant than many species of larger birds
E. A species of small rodents that requires more living space per individual than most species of larger rodents (呼應第四段: Thus, in addition to being rare, tamarins require an amount of space that seems completely out of proportion to their size.)
5. The author most probably regards the tamarins studied in Manu National Park as
A. an endangered species
B. typical tamarins (作者說tamarins跟其他物種不一樣, 因為他們不適用那個原則- the smaller the body size, the larger the number of individual animals; 後面舉了tarmarins為什麼是這樣的特別; 在這個國家公園裡的tamarins都符合這樣的敘述; 可以推斷作者覺得他們是一般的tamarins)
C. unusually docile (推不出; 通篇沒提)
D. the most unusual primates anywhere (沒有說, 只有說他們不適用這個原則)
E. too small a sample to be significant
6. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a species whose groups display territoriality?
A. Gibbons
B. Siamangs
C. Titi monkeys
D. Squirrel monkeys. (定位: CONTRAST/though: Such concerted territoriality is rather exceptional among primates, though the gibbons and siamangs of Asia show it, as do a few other New World species such as the titi and night monkeys.)
E. Night monkeys
7. The primary concern of the passage is to
A. recommend a policy
B. evaluate a theory
C. describe an unusual condition (正確, 同大意分析, 先介紹了這個生物不適用於一個原則; 接著介紹四種為什麼他們"Being rare")
D. explain the development of a hypothesis
E. support one of several competing hypotheses
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发表于 2022-3-18 10:59:41
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