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https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-844085-1-1.html
The Paradox of Prosperity: The Leiden Booksellers' Guild and the Distribution of Books in Early Modern Europe – January 1, 2009
by Laura Cruz (Author)
二手书拍卖
【本月原始】CJGEMINI 还有两篇貌似没有？包括 4.3 老库也没找到 一篇讲的荷兰 bookseller
【考古】
※ 本月原始：
【V1】 by cindy199312
有一个关于书本 auction 的，说是在 1599 年在 XX 城市最早出现了 bookseller 用 auction 来卖书，人们一向把这个现象的原因归因于当时没有 guild 的存在，但之后的观点说不一定都是这个原因，进行拍卖的这个 bookseller 自身是更重要的一个原因。 然后最后一段说在这个城市出台有关的 regulation 之前，有一个关于 movable goods 的法案，但是该法案并不是完全应用于书本买卖的，否则的话， 进行 auction 就是一项政府行为，而不是那个进行拍卖的 bookseller 的个人的原因了。
第一题问以下哪个观点成立可以加强第一个观点。还有关于 16 世纪末的说法正确的是哪个。。选项都不大记得了.
【V2】 vocaloidgakupo
还有一个讲某城虽然不是经济中心但是是最早出现拍卖旧书的地方。。。。最后出来的 没仔细看 秒了
【V3】 QQ 群热心网友
RC book auction~就是和 JJ 差不多啦 CITY E 虽然不是 commercial center, 但仍然第一次 book auction(1599)~为什么呢~有人说是因为没有 guild（好像是这个词）--an organizationXXX~ 但是真正的原因是 XX（一个人）得到了政府的支持~在 Hall 进行了 auction~ 直到 1650 CITY E 才有 guild，但是并不说明之前的商业活动时 unregulated~引用了一个人的研究~说之前也有要求，什么 moveable goods~说 book auction 不是这一类的~否则拍卖就不会举办~
【V4】Estaban
二手书市场那个，我记得主旨题我选的是 bookseller 为了 auction 都要克服哪些困难...好像和寂静不一样（别的我看着真的都不太靠谱了）；还有一题是说文章中的城市（叫啥忘了）有什么特点还是下列哪个选项正确...选项有：A 是荷兰唯一 commercial 的城市（肯定错）...后面记不住了..
【V5】cindylai
估计是荷兰式拍卖的起源吧
1 2 段跟 JJ 没什么补充
第三段是讲说在 XX 之前其实有 ordinance 限制 moveable goods 但是如果要限制 used book就需要有 commitment 证明 usedbook 是 moveable goods 有题目，忘记题干了。答案我选的好像是含有 used book XX public goods 的选项
※ 往届考古：已确认
二手书拍卖
V1：by 六毛欢乐多
说是 used-book auction in Leiland(不确定这地名儿)，195 几年的时候 然后 city 不同意， provience 同意啥的。。。
一共三段儿，第三段蹦出来一个人， 说了啥观点， 然后有一题就问：如果这个蹦出来的人说的话是真的， 那么 195 几年的那个 used-book auction 会怎样?
V2：by cavashawn
还有一篇阅读讲的是 法国 L 城 在 16 世纪的第一次旧书拍卖
V3：by violahy 740
有一个关于 Holland 的书店。大概意思是说某个叫 Leib 神马的城市有 audit 神马拍卖会之类的。。。大概是想说其它城市的 guild 妨碍了这些 bookstore 的 innovation 之类的…只有这个叫 Leib 的城市没有受到太大影响。因为在这个城市有个书店的老板(缩写)叫 EL，他向government audit office 申请了什么地方用来拍卖，然后这个 audit office 同意了，despite the strong opposition of the local government and the guild，因为那个地方 owned by the audit office
Q1：问这个文章主要在 discuss 什么：楼主选的“哪些原因 contributed to 这个城市的unauthorized 拍卖会”
Q2：另一个是问这篇文章那段“despite the opposition of…”imply 了什么。楼主选了“说明那个 auditoffice 在某些权力上可以越过 local government
https://www.ptt.cc/bbs/GMAT/M.1402216522.A.2C4.html
二手書籍拍賣（2013-05/2013-10機經）（原文）
[現象解釋＋新舊觀點/作者提出解釋]
在1599年，在荷蘭的Leiden出現了世界首次用拍賣（auction）來販售二手書籍（used-book auction）的方式。人們以往總把原因歸在該城市沒有會妨害自由拍賣的商會（guild）的存在。但後來發現，其實進行拍賣的該書商（bookseller）本身才是最主要的因素。
其實當時Leiden是有商會的，儘管這項計畫受到地方政府首長以及當地商會的強力反對（despite the strong opposition from local government and guild），
（Q3）但是該書商的老闆EL成功地向擁有該地管轄權的province audit office申請獲准，於是順利舉辦了該次的拍賣。（Q4）也有另一個學者認為，當時早已有一項規範動產商品（movable goods）的法案，惟該法案並非完全適用於書本的交易。否則的話，書本的拍賣交易應該是需要政府主導的行為，而不是書商個人能夠舉辦的活動了。（Q1）
Q1: 若是最後的學者說法為真，則該拍賣會如何？
（EL用原本的策略不可能獲得同樣的成功效果）
Q2: 主旨題
Reasons contribute to the unauthorized auction in Leiden.
Q3: highlight「despite the strong opposition from local government and guild」，問說明什麼？audit office的某些權力是超越了local government.
Q4: 書商如何成功舉辦拍賣會？利用audit office而避開與local government的正面交鋒。
JOURNAL ARTICLE
The Secrets of Success: Microinventions and Bookselling in the Seventeenth-Century Netherlands
Laura Cruz
Book History
Vol. 10 (2007), pp. 1-28
Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/30227397
Page Count: 28
原文來源：
The international orientation of Leiden in general had much to do with geography. Unlike Middleburg or Groningen, Leiden was located in the relatively secure province of Holland. It was not far from other printing centers in the republic and enjoyed the advantages of a commercial empire centered in nearby Amsterdam. The city was also in a good position to trade with continental Europe because of its access to an extensive infrastructure of canals and lakes. All of these natural advantages, though, would have not amounted to much if the city had not also made use of an infrastructure that was very conducive to commerce. By the late sixteenth century, the cities of north Holland were well connected by regular barge services, which facilitated freight transport. They were also connected by an extensive postal service that operated between the towns of Holland and Zeeland as well as nearby foreign commercial centers, such as Antwerp. The booksellers were especially able to use the postal connections. The book-sale catalogues were sent by mail to potential customers in the United Provinces, Germany, the Spanish Netherlands, and France. Without these support services, the printing and bookselling industry in Leiden would have gone the way of its counterparts in the other provinces.
Q3: highlight despite the strong opposition from local government and guild，問說明什麼？
audit office的某些權力是超越了local government.
Leiden was not the only city in Holland with access to this infrastructure, however, so what was the real secret to its success? Bert van Selm suggests that Leiden was the site of the first secondhand book auction because in 1600 it was the only major city in the Netherlands in which the printers and booksellers were not subject to a guild. The absence of the guild, he argues, gave the booksellers enough liberty to develop the practice on their own. This is perhaps oversimplified and misleading. Louis Elsevier originally developed the catalogue sale at The Hague, and he kept a monopoly on such sales there until 1643. Although the local government (and the Sint Lukas guild) opposed his request, he received official permission to hold auctions from the government audit office (rekenkamer) of the province of Holland. He could do this because of a jurisdictional loophole. The Grote Zaal where he intended to hold the auctions was technically the property of the Court of Holland, not the town. The uniqueness of the Leiden auction, the absence of direct interference from local government officials, was more likely the result of the close relationship between booksellers such as Elsevier and powerful government and university officials. The liberty needed to innovate came from shrewd strategies, not from lack of a guild.
On the contrary, the Leiden printer/booksellers guild was integral to their successful microinvention, that is, the exploitation of the commercial possibilities of the book-sale auction. The story of the printer/booksellers' guild in Leiden has three main players-the artisans, the town, and the university. For a time it seemed as if Leiden would never have a printers' guild. In 1610, the vroedschap of Leiden declined a petition on the part of the artists, including printers, to form a Sint Lukas guild, stating that the decision would be delayed until there seemed to be more of a need for local regulation. Their decision may have been justified. In the early seventeenth century, printed material from Leiden was sold primarily in fiercely competitive international markets. Because of the nature of the competition and the lack of involvement in the local economy, it might have been prudent for the magistrates to leave the trade unregulated in order to combat foreign encroachment on their markets. Perhaps this was true for other artistic enterprises as well. The magistrates did not allow the printer/booksellers to officially form a guild until 1652.
This does not mean that they were entirely free of regulation. The auctioning of moveable goods was tightly regulated by the city. Van Selm cites an extensive ordinance from 1600 that covers "Pieces from the inheritance and inventory houses together with the sale of all moveable goods in the city." Some of the stipulations specified in the ordinance did apply directly to book sales. The book auctioneers were required to get consent to hold their sales, to only hold sales at specified times and places, to present catalogues to the magistrates for inspection, and to not sell their own new books at auction. Van Selm argues that other sections of the ordinance did not apply to book sales because it stipulated that the sales had to be performed and administered by a town functionary. Leiden booksellers, unlike the booksellers in any other Dutch city, were permitted to auction the books themselves, with limited interference from the town secretary or beadle (stadsbode).
The organization of the guild was encouraged by changes in the structure of the book industry. After 1611, the number of printer/booksellers in Leiden expanded rapidly, by fifteen or more active workers in an average year, which warranted the creation of greater order among the ranks.
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发表于 2018-8-13 23:02:43
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