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物理距离之类的 physical distance
讲的是physical distance什么的，是跟经济相关的，这篇读的不是特别好，可能逻辑有错误，望考古。
第一段说了一下这个距离的定义 然后说了一下一般一个公司想向外扩张，会选择这个距离比较近的，因为国情相近吧，比较容易成功。
第二段说了个反例。说加拿大的很多公司向外国扩张的时候，扩张到美国的只有22%，很少。因为什么我忘了。。。 by funingfs
V2
physical distance，有一个题目"the difficult part of physical distance according to the standard distance"是什么，我选的是有national 和regional对比的个选项，别的感觉都不靠谱。还有一道题说举例子”美国在加拿大投资的公司成功率不高“的作用，忘了选项了。。。。 By CANDICECAORUI (730 Q50 V38)
考古：
physical difference
V1by clarawang (710 V38)
第一篇阅读讲企业通过'physical difference"来决定去哪个国家发展，一般都去比较差距较小的国家。因为。。。。。然后说这个其实不对，然后举一个加拿大公司到美国发展的例子。然后对这个分析
V2by jillchenyy (V31)
补充一下27. physical difference, 旧观点认为internationalize 在那些文化,习惯什么接近的国家发展比较容易成功.事实加拿大的一些成功企业在美投资的成功率很低,因为企业管理者拿旧管理方式去忽视了很多不同的情况...最后有几句结论仔细看,我么时间看了.
V3by budai（770 V44）
大概就是说企业在进行全球化扩张的时候，会选择 “ph…… distance”近的国家，因为普遍观念认为这样的国家与本国在各方面都很相似，容易成功。比如，加拿大的企业，就比较愿意选择美国（还是反过来，记不太清楚了）。但一个研究取样了加拿大30多个在美国投资的企业，发现成功的很少。（这有题，问想拿加拿大企业的说明什么）。研究发现，之所以很多企业会失败，主要是管理者因为近的“ph…… distance”，就假设两国情况相同，采用在本国内成功的策略，忽略了文化等很多方面的差异。（这也有题，问为什么失败）。最后好像就建议重视差别什么的。
V4by yhtim (740)
有一道好像问the most difficult part for determing psychi distance,
这个题不太确定，看了一遍选项好像没对的，我选的是based on country difference, rather than regional difference.（现在想，这个应该不对）
考古by XYXB[考友已确认考古]
V1
大概是说大家一直认为物理距离这个概念不错。但是最近的一个关于加拿大公司的survey表明，其实加拿大公司在美国经营不好，而原因在于高官认为美国离加拿大很近，应用本国经验没有问题，而其实不是。
V2
说物理距离在公司国际化中的作用。说有个概念，物理距离是指什么。现在的关于地域的概念要重新审视。举例，在加拿大本土N%的企业（在加拿大很成功），他们到美国开公司，只有7%成功。人们传统以为加拿大和美国离得近，会容易成功。但是其实不是这样的。剩下的忘了
疑似原文：
The psychic distance paradox.
by Shawna O'Grady , Henry W. Lane
It has been argued in the international business literature that companies begin the internationalization process in countries that are psychically close before venturing to more distant countries [Johanson and Vahlne 1992]. If this description is accurate, then Canadian companies would be expected to begin in the United States which is not only the closest but also, in many ways, the most similar country to Canada. Indeed, evidence from the retail industry indicates that firms have followed this pattern.
The literature on the internationalization process describes the sequence of market entry that firms follow when internationalizing. This sequence reflects a gradual, learning through experience process. What is not explicit in the literature is why firms follow this pattern. Researchers have suggested that entering countries that are psychically close reduces the level of uncertainty firms face in the new market [Johanson and Vahlne 1992]; and that psychically close countries are easier for companies to learn about [Kogut and Singh 1988]. Such explanations seem logical and implicitly support the conclusion that beginning in psychically close countries should improve a company's chances of success in these markets. Although the literature is not prescriptive, an unstated conclusion can be drawn from it linking sequence of entry to performance. There is an implicit assumption that psychically close countries are more similar, and that similarity is easier for firms to manage than dissimilarity, thereby making it more likely that they will succeed in similar markets.
Although sequence of entry is an important consideration, we believe that one limitation of this literature is that it does not address how the perceived psychic distance1 between countries affects the decisionmakers' choice of entry or the organization's ultimate performance in the new market. This research presents evidence demonstrating that starting the internationalization process by entering a country psychically close to home may result in poor performance and, possibly, failure. We refer to this as the psychic distance paradox. Instead of psychically close countries being easy to enter and to do business in, we argue that perceived similarity can cause decisionmakers to fail because they do not prepare for the differences. The failure lies in the managerial decisionmaking aspect of the internationalization process, to which international business researchers have not paid enough attention [Johanson and Vahlne 1992]. In addition, even in psychically close countries such as Canada and the United States, there may be significant differences that can affect the ability of managers to conduct business. What appears on the surface to be psychically close may, in reality, be more distant than expected.
This research was exploratory in nature and focused on the performance of Canadian retail companies that entered the United States. With the American retail market worth more than $1.5 trillion, there is a very powerful incentive for Canadian retailers to understand how to compete in this market. Consistent with internationalization theory, domestically successful companies entered a country that is not only the closest physically, but probably the most similar country to Canada. However, of the thirty-two Canadian retail companies that entered the United States market, almost 80% failed and only seven (22%) were continuing to function successfully [Evans, Lane and O'Grady 1992]. The high failure rate suggests that there may be a paradox, or inherent contradiction, within internationalization theory and the psychic distance concept, and that executives cannot always rely upon measures of psychic distance when making their internationalization decisions.
The purpose of this paper is to use the experience of Canadian retailers entering the United States to analyze the psychic distance concept in greater detail and to suggest some possible qualifications that could improve its use in research and practice. First, a summary of the psychic distance concept is presented, as well as the evidence in the literature positioning Canada and the United States as being culturally close. Next, the results from both clinical and questionnaire data show areas in which cultural and business differences manifested themselves, as well as empirical evidence of these cultural differences. Then, the paradox inherent in the psychic distance concept is explored, which explains how the perception of a country as having a small psychic distance from one's own can lead decisionmakers to a number of faulty assumptions, creating an inability to learn about that country. Some recommendations are provided to help companies learn in these situations. Finally, we explore the psychic distance concept in greater depth, and propose some qualifications to it. The results of this study suggest that the psychic distance concept is more complex than is generally recognized in the literature and should be explored more fully. |
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发表于 2016-11-17 17:37:23
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