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很多童鞋反应这月的语法考了很多标点符号，刚刚从不怎么清晰的ManhattanPDF上摘了这一部分的内容下来。
中文部分是lz自己的理解，希望不会误导大家。
若有错误请及时指正！
明天二战特此攒RP哈哈！
There are four major punctuation marks that can connect sentence parts:
Comma ,
Semicolon ;
Colon :
Dash –
Comma逗号
The comma (,) is the most common punctuation mark, as well as the most difficult to use correctly. Fortunately, you can rest assured that the GMAT does not make correct answers hinge solely on comma use. That is, the correct answer will never differ from an incorrect answer only by the placement of a comma.
逗号是修饰语、一连串事物和其他句子成分的主要信号和分隔符。
必要的修饰语不能用逗号隔开，非必要的修饰语则用逗号隔开。
用and连接的两个共用主语的动词，在and前不能有逗号。
However, you should certainly pay attention to commas, since they are important signals and separators of modifiers, items in a list, and other sentence elements. For instance, remember that non-essential modifiers are set off by commas, but essential modifiers are not separated by commas. This car, purchased last year, is a Buick contains a non-essential modifier, but The car purchased last year is a Buick contains an essential modifier. Do not use a comma before and to separate two verbs that have the same subject. Either eliminate the comma or add a subject to the second verb, creating a second main clause.
Wrong: Earl walked to school, AND later ate his lunch.
Right: Earl walked to school AND later ate his lunch.
Right: Earl walked to school, AND HE later ate his lunch.
不能仅用逗号分隔两个主句。
And of course, a comma by itself cannot connect two complete sentences (main clauses).
Wrong: Earl walked to school, he later ate his lunch.
Semicolon分号
分号用来连接两个密切相关的表达内容，每个表达内容都必须能独立为句子存在。
The semicolon (;) connects two closely related statements. Each statement must be able to stand alone as an independent sentence. For instance, we can flx the previous example by using a semicolon.
Right: Earl walked to school; he later ate his lunch.
Consider another example:
Wrong: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; doing everything together.
The second part of this sentence cannot stand on its own. Therefore, the two parts may not be connected by a semicolon.
Right: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; they do everything together.
In the corrected example, the two sentence parts can each stand alone. Therefore, they may be connected by a semicolon. Moreover, when you use a semicolon, you should ensure that the two sentence parts are related in an independent, balanced way. If it seems that the author originally meant to subordinate one part to the other, you must preserve that intent.
当使用分号时，两句话必须相互独立、平衡。若原意为一个句子从属于另一句，则应保留原意。
Right: The dam has created dead zones, WHERE fish have disappeared.
Wrong: The dam has created dead zones; fish have disappeared.
In the second example above, the writer seems to be saying that fish all over the world have disappeared. The first example is appropriately limited to the dead zones.
分号常被连接副词或其他过渡性表达跟随，如however, therefore, in addition。此情况下，分号可表达对等的关系。要注意过渡性表达并非是真正的连词，如and。
Wrong: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable, THEREFORE, we never see them apart.
Right: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; THEREFORE, we never see them apart.
分号的次要作用是分隔自身含逗号的内容。
A minor use of the semicolon is to separate items that themselves contain commas.
Wrong: I listen to Earth, Wind & Fire, Wow, Owls, and Blood, Sweat & Tears.
Right: I listen toEarth, Wind & Fire; Wow, Owls; and Blood, Sweat & Tears.
冒号对其前面的内容进行解释。
分号前的内容必须能够独立存在，分号后则不需要。
The colon ( provides further explanation for what comes before it. For example, you can use a colon to equate a list with its components. You should be able to insert the word namely or the phrase that is after the colon.
What comes before the colon must be able to stand alone as a sentence. What comes after the colon does not have to be able to stand alone.
Wrong: I love listening to: classical, rock, rap, and pop music.
In this example, the words preceding the colon (I love listening to) do not form a complete sentence.
Right: I love listening to many kinds of music: classical, rock, rap, and pop.
In the corrected version, the words preceding the colon can stand alone as a sentence.
Moreover, the words following the colon (classical, rock, rap, and pop) give further explanation of the many kinds of music mentioned. You can insert namely or that is after the colon, and the result would make sense.
Right: I love listening to many kinds of music: namely, classical, rock, rap, and pop.
需要解释的内容应尽量紧挨分号。
Whatever needs explanation should be placed as close to the colon as possible.
Worse: Three factors affect the rate of a reaction: concentration. surface area and temperature.
Better: The rate of a reaction is affected by three factors: concentration, surface area and temperature.
分号后也可加主句。关键是此主句必须解释分号前的内容。
You can put a main clause after a colon as well. The key is that this clause must explain what precedes the colon-perhaps the entire preceding clause.
Right: On January 1, 2000, the national mood was completely different from what it would become just a few years later: at the turn of the century, given a seemingly unstoppable stock market and a seemingly peaceful world, the country was content.
The words after the colon, at the turn of the century… was content, can stand alone as a sentence. They serve to explain the entire clause that comes before the colon (a clause that asserts an upcoming change in the national mood, as of the first of the year 2000).
注意不要弄混分号和冒号。分号连接两个独立的句子，后者并不解释前者。然而，冒号总是连接一句话和其深远解释。
Do not confuse the semicolon (;) with the colon (. The semicolon connects two related independent clauses, but the second does not necessarily explain the first. In contrast, the colon always connects a sentence with a further explanation.
分号是灵活的符号，在GMAT中较少使用。分号可用作加强语气的逗号，分号或冒号。
Right: By January 2,2000, the so-called "Y2K problem" was already widely considered a joke--although the reason for the non-event was the huge corporate and governmental investment in prior countermeasures.
In the case above, either a comma or a dash would be correct. Sometimes, a dash is preferred. For instance, you should use dashes to separate an appositive from an item in a list:
Right: My three best friends-Danny, Jimmy, and Joey-and I went skiing.
If you used commas in this sentence, you might think that gym people were going skiing.
破折号也可用来重述或解释句子中前面的部分。与分号不同，破折号不用紧跟需要解释的部分。
You can also use the dash to restate or explain an earlier part of the sentence. Unlike the colon, the dash does not need to be immediately preceded by the part needing explanation.
Right: Post-MBA compensation for investment bankers tends to surge far ahead of that for management consultants-by tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of dollars a year.
The phrase after the dash (by tens... a year) explains the word for in the phrase far ahead. In comparison, a colon would not work so well here.
In short, you cannot really go wrong with a dash!
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发表于 2011-9-3 17:37:24
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