tn22 rc 4篇 分析

GWD32的题不好找，所以我自己翻译了一下，还用不同的颜色标出了答案出处。其他答案的错误也加粗标识了。

希望对和我一样的菜鸟有用！

Q4~Q6: GWD32—32-34

     The dry mountain ranges of the western United States contain rocks dating back 440 to 510 million years, to the Ordovician period, and teeming with evidence of tropical marine life. This rock record provides clues about  one of the most significant radiations  (periods when existing life-forms gave rise to variations that would eventually evolve into entirely new species) in the history of marine invertebrates. During this radiation the number of marine biological families increased greatly, and these families included species  that would dominate the marine ecosystems of the area for the next 215 million years. Although the radiation spanned tens of millions of years, major changes in many species occurred  during a geologically short time span within the radiation and, furthermore, appear to have occurred worldwide, suggesting that external events were major factors in the radiation. And , in fact, there is evidence of major ecological and geological changes during this period: the sea level dropped drastically and mountain ranges were formed, in this instance, rather than leading to large-scale extinctions, these kinds of environmental changes may have resulted in an enriched pattern of habitats and nutrients, which in turn gave rise to the Ordovician radiation. However, the actual relationship between these environmental factors and the diversification of life forms is not yet fully understood

美国西部干燥的山脉含有一些岩石,这些岩石可以追溯440,000,000到510,000,000年前的奥陶纪,其中充满热带海洋生命的证据.这种岩石纪录提供了,在海洋无脊椎动物的历史中, 有关radiations的最重要的线索.Radiations期间内,
  现有生命形态将最终逐步进化成为完全新品种.在此radiatios期间，海洋生物家庭的数量将大大增加，这些生物家庭包括，将在今后二万一千五百点〇万年内，主宰海洋生态系统的物种。虽然radiation跨越数十个百万年，但许多物种的主要变化还是发生在radiation短期的地质时期，并且是全球性的，这表明外在事件在radiation中是主要因素。事实上，有证据表明，在此期间有重大的生态和地质的变化：海平面大幅度下降和山脉形成，在这种情况下，并没有导致大规模物种灭绝，这些类型的环境变化可能导致了多种形态的栖息地和丰富的养分，这反过来又引起了奥陶系radiation。但是，这些环境因素和多样化的生命形式的实际关系尚未完全理解。

Q4: The passage is primarily concerned with

A.      evaluating the evidence of a major geologic period and determining its duration
  无

B.      describing an evolutionary phenomenon and speculating about its cause 无

C.      explaining the mechanisms through which marine life-forms evolved during a particular period

D.      analyzing the impact on later life-forms of an important evolutionary development 无

E.       contrasting a period of evolutionary change with other such periods 无

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Q5. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage regarding the geologic changes that occurred during Ordovician period?

A.      They were more drastic than those associated with other radiations

B.      They may have created conditions favorable to the evolution of many new life-forms

C.      They may have caused the extinction of many of the marine species living in shallow waters

D.     They may have been a factor in the development of new species adapted to living both on land and in water

E.      They hastened the formation of the extensive dry regions found in the western united states

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Q6. Which of the following best describes the function of last sentence of the passage ?

A.      it points out that the events described in the passage may be atypical
   

B.      it alludes to the fact that there is disagreement in the scientific community over the importance of the Ordovician radiation

C.      it concludes that the evidence presented in the passage is insufficient to support the proposed hypothesis because it comes from a limited geographic area

D.      it warns the reader against seeing a connection between the biological and geolgic changes described in the passage

E.      it alerts the reader that current knowledge cannot completely explain the relationship suggested by the evidence presented in the passage

Q11~Q14: PP-RC 1
    GWD32-Q25-Q28

There is widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accompanied by an equivalent surge in industrial research. A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the century reveals that more than half were the product of individual inventors working alone, independent of organized industrial research. While industrial laboratories contributed such important products as nylon and transistors, independent inventors developed air conditioning, the automatic transmission, the jet engine, the helicopter, insulin, and streptomycin. Still other inventions, such as stainless steel, television, silicones, and Plexiglas (Plexiglas: n.树脂玻璃(多用以制造飞机座舱罩、镜片等)) were developed through the combined efforts of individuals and laboratory teams.

Despite these finding, we are urged to support monopolistic power on the grounds that such power creates an environment supportive of innovation. We are told that the independent inventor, along with the small firm, cannot afford to undertake the important research needed to improve our standard of living while protecting our diminishing resources; that only the giant corporation or conglomerate, with its prodigious assets, can afford the kind of expenditures that produce the technological advances vital to economic progress. But when we examine expenditures for research, we find that of the more than $35 billion spent each year in this country, almost two-thirds is spent by the federal government. More than half of this government expenditure is funneled into military research and product development, accounting for the enormous increase in spending in such industries as nuclear energy, aircraft, missiles, and electronics. There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will either improve our standard of living or do much to protect our diminishing resources.

Recent history has demonstrated that we may have to alter our longstanding conception of the process actuated by competition. The price variable, once perceived as the dominant aspect of the process, is now subordinate to the competition of the new product, the new business structure, and the new technology. While it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated by single corporation, investment in innovation—a risky and expensive budget item—might meet resistance from management and stockholders concerned about cost-cutting, efficient organization, and large advertising budgets, it would be an egregious error to equate the monopolistic producer with bountiful expenditures on research. Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status quo and resist the threat implicit in change. Moreover, in some cases, industrial giants faced with little or no competition seek to avoid the capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress.
     By contrast, small firms undeterred by large investments in plant and capital equipment often aggressively pursue new techniques and new products, investing in innovation in order to expand their market shares.

      The conglomerates are not, however, completely except from strong competitive pressures. There are instances in which they too must compete with another industrial Goliath, and then their weapons may include large expenditures for innovation.

人们普遍认为，出现行业巨头一直伴随着工业研究的增长。

最近的一项研究，世纪之交以来所取得重大发明成果，显示，有一半以上是单独工作的个人发明者的产品，独立于有组织的工业研究。

虽然工业实验室的贡献的重要产品有尼龙和晶体管等，独立发明家研制空调，自动变速箱，喷气发动机，直升机，胰岛素，和链霉素。

还有其他的发明，如不锈钢，电视，有机硅，和有机玻璃是通过个人和实验室团队的共同努力完成。

尽管有这些调查结果，我们还是被呼吁支持垄断的权力，理由是，这种权力创造了支持环境革新。我们被告知，独立发明人和小企业，不能提供改善我们的生活水平，同时保护我们的日益减少的资源的重要研究；只有大公司或集团，以其庞大的资产，才能负担得起攸关经济进步的生产技术进步的支出。但是，当我们审查支出的研究，我们发现了这个国家每年花费超过350亿美元，几乎三分之二是用于联邦政府。超过一半的政府支出流入到军事研究和产品开发，巨大开支增加行业如核能，飞机，导弹，电子产品。有些人质疑，这些国防相关的研究项目，是否将能改善我们的生活水准，或做很多工作来保护我们日益减少的资源。

最近的历史已经表明，我们可能要改变我们长久以来的竞争观念。价格变数，曾经被视为占主导地位的进程，现在次于新产品，新业务结构，新技术的竞争。虽然可以设想，在一个高度竞争的，不被某一企业控制的行业，投资高风险和昂贵的预算的项目，可能遇到来自管理和股东的阻力，但将垄断生产与大量的研究支出等同起来是非常错误的。大型企业往往倾向更满足于稳定和安全的环境，其管理的官僚机构往往倾向保持现状，抵制隐含的变化的威胁。此外，在某些情况下，临着很少或根本没有竞争的工业巨头面设法避免资本造成的损失过时的蓄意阻挠技术进步。相比之下，小企业往往积极寻求新技术和新产品，投资于创新，以扩大其市场份额。

然而该集团，并不能完全排除强大的竞争压力。目前情况下，他们也必须与其他巨头竞争，然后他们的武器可能包括大笔创新的支出。

Q11.The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A)
    advocate an increase in government support of organized industrial research无

(B)  point out a common misconception about the relationship between the extent of industrial research and the growth of monopolistic power in industry

(C)
    describe the inadequacies of small firms in dealing with the important matter of research and innovation反

(D)
     show that America’s strength depends upon individual ingenuity and resourcefulness无（B）

(E)  encourage free-market competition among industrial giants无

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Q12

According to the passage, important inventions of the twentieth century

(A)
    were produced largely as a result of governmental support for military weapons research and development无

(B)  came primarily from the huge laboratories of monopolistic industries反

(C)
    were produced at least as frequently by independent inventors as by research teams

(D)
     have greater impact on smaller firms than on conglomerates无（C）

(E)  sometimes adversely affect our standard of living and diminish our natural resources无

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Q13:  It can be inferred from the passage that the author

(A) has little confidence in the ability of monopolistic industry to produce the important inventions of the future

(B) would rather see the federal government spend money on social services than on the defense establishment

(C) favors a conservative approach to innovation and places trust in conglomerates to provide efficient production

(D) feels that price should still be the dominant variable in the competitive process（A）

(E) believes that excessive competition is a deterrent to innovation

Q14

The passage contains information that answers which of the following questions?

I.    What portion of the research dollar in this country is spent each year by the federal government?

II.   Under what circumstances is an industrial giant likely to invest heavily in innovation?

III.  Why might a monopolistic producer want to suppress an innovation?

(A) I only

(B) II only

(C) I and II only

(D) II and III only（E）

        (E) I, II, and III

GWD-2-Q5 to Q8

      The traditional model of employer-employee relations in the United States was a “psychological contract” in which employees made long-term commitments to organizations in exchange for long-term job security, training and development, and internal opportunities for promotion.  Beginning mainly with the recession in the early 1970’s, this paradigm began to unravel.  Organizations began using extensive downsizing and outsourcing to decrease the number of permanent employees in the workforce.  Among employees this situation has resulted in a decided shift in desire: instead of working their way up in an organization, many now prefer to work their way out.  Entrepreneurship at the small business administration are now the fastest-growing majors in business schools.    

   Several factors have generated movement from the old paradigm to the new one. Organizations have had legitimate and pressing reasons to shift to a new paradigm of employer-employee relations.  Large numbers of permanent employees make it difficult for organizations to respond quickly to downturns in demand by decreasing payroll costs. The enormous rights in wrongful discharge suites has created incentives for organizations to use temporary, contract, and leased employees in order to distance themselves from potential litigation problems.  Moreover, top management is under increased pressure from shareholders to generate higher and higher levels of return on investment in the short run, resulting in declines in hiring, increases in layoffs, and shortage of funds for employee development.

   At the same time, a lack of forthrightness on the part of organizations has led to increased cynicism among employees about management’s motivation and competence. Employees are now working 15 percent more hours per week than they were 20 years ago, but organizations acknowledge this fact only by running stress-management workshops to help employees to cope.  Sales people are being asked to increase sales at the same time organizations have cut travel, phone, and advertising budgets.  Employees could probably cope effectively with changes in the psychological contract if organizations were more forthright about how they were changing it. But the euphemistic jargon used by executives to justify the changes they were implementing frequently backfires; rather than engendering sympathy for management’s position, it sparks employees’ desire to be free of the organization all together.  In a recent study of employees’ attitudes about management, 49 percent of the sample strongly agreed that “management will take advantage of you if given the chance.”

在美国，雇主和雇员关系的传统模式是一种“心理契约”模式，雇员对组织长期承诺，以换取长期工作保障，培训和发展，和内部的晋升机会。首先开始于经济衰退的70年代初期，这种模式开始瓦解。组织开始使用广泛的裁员和外包，以减少一些长期雇员的劳动力。这种情况导致了雇员决定转变的愿望：小企业管理局Entrepreneurship成为目前增长最快的商业学校专业。

很多因素促使旧的模式向新的模式转移。组织有其合理，紧迫的理由转向新模式。大量的长期雇员使得组织难以以裁减薪金的方式应对迅速低迷的市场需求。在不正当裁员中，巨大的权益压力，促使组织采用临时合同，租赁工，以便远离潜在地起诉。例外，高层管理者顶着股东压力，导致……

与此同时，组织（对变化）的不够坦率导致雇员对管理动机和能力的越来越多的批评。雇员的委屈，组织的不坦诚举例。

Q23:

The primary purpose of the passage is to

A.      discuss the financial implications of a recent shift in attitudes among workers

B.      propose a new approach for businesses to increase loyalty among their employees

C.      defend certain business practices in light of criticism of corporations, actions in a recent past

D.      speculate about possible long term benefits of a recent change in the general business climate

E.       consider some of the factors contributing to a major shift in employer-employee relationships

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Q24:

The passage suggests that which of the following is a legitimate reason for organizations’ shift to the new model of employer-employee relations?

A.        Organizations tend to operate more effectively when they have a high manager-to-employee ratio.

B.        Organizations can move their operations to less expensive locations more easily when they have fewer permanent employees.

C.        Organizations have found that they often receive higher quality work when they engage in outsourcing.

D.        Organizations with large pools of permanent workers risk significant financial losses if the demand for their product or service decreases.

E.         Organizations are under increasing pressure to adopt new technologies that often obviate the need for certain workers.

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Q25:

Which of the following best characterizes the function of the final sentence of the passage (lines 30-32)?

A.      It is such as an alternative explanation for phenomenon discussed earlier in the passage.

B.      It provides data intended to correct a common misconception.

C.      It further weakens an argument that is being challenged by the author.

D.      It introduces a specific piece of evidence in support of a claim made at beginning of the final paragraph

E.       It answers a question that is implicit in the preceding sentence.

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Q26:

The passage suggests that organizations’ movement to the “new paradigm” (line 11) is based in part on the expectation that wrongful discharge suites against employers are____?

A.      less likely to be filed by non-managerial employees than by managers

B.      less likely to be filed by leased employees than by contract employees

C.      less likely to be filed by contract employees than by permanent employees

D.      more likely to be filed by employees with a long history in the organization than by newer hirers

E.       more likely to be filed in small organizations than in large ones

       Q35~Q37: T-7-Q23-Q25

        Companies that must determine well in advance of the selling season how many units of a new product to manufacture often underproduce products that sell well and have overstocks of others. The increased incidence in recent years of mismatches between production and demand seems ironic, since point-of-sale scanners have improved data on consumers’ buying patterns and since flexible manufacturing has enabled companies to 24 produce, cost-effectively, small quantities of goods. This type of manufacturing has greatly increased the number of new products introduced annually in the United States. However, frequent introductions of new products have two problematic side effects. For one, they reduce the average lifetime of products; more of them are neither at the beginning of their life (when prediction is difficult) or at the end of their life (when keeping inventory is expensive because the products will soon become obsolete). For another, as new products proliferate, demand is divided among a growing number of stock-keeping units (SKU’s). Even though manufacturers and retailers can forecast aggregate demand with some certainty, forecasting accurately how that demand will be distributed among the many SKU’s they sell is difficult.  For example, a company may be able to estimate accurately the aggregate number of shoes it will sell, but it may be uncertain about which specific types of shoes will sell more than other types.

公司必须在销售旺季之前确定有多少销售良好的新产品生产不足，或其他产品过剩等。近年来，产品与需求不符的情况看起来很讽刺，因为扫描提高了消费者所购买的类型的数据统计的准确度，并且灵活的生产方式可以使公司24小时高效的小批量的生产。这类型的生产大大增加了每年进入美国市场的产品数量。然而，频繁的推出新产品，有两个问题的副作用。一方面，他们减少产品的平均寿命，多数产品既不处于新起时期（这时，预测很难），也不处于淘汰时期（这时，因为产品面临淘汰，保持库存很昂贵）。另一方面，随着新产品的激增，需求被分为越来越多的库存单位（ SKU中的）。尽管制造商和零售商可以用一些确定因素预测总需求，但准确预测怎样分配他们所售的各种商品的单位库存量还是很难。例如，一家公司可以准确估计将出售的总的鞋数，但它不确定哪种特定类型的鞋会比其他类型的些鞋更好卖。

Q35:
Which of the following most accurately describes the function of the last sentence in the passage (lines 35-40)?

A.      To cite a situation in which the aggregate demand is more important than the distribution of demand among SKU’s

B.      To refute an assertion about the side effects of flexible manufacturing

C.      To illustrate an assertion about companies’ ability to forecast demand

D.      To provide an example of ways in which companies address the difficulties of forecasting demand

E.       To note an exception to the author’s assertion about distributing demand among SKU’s

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Q36:
The passage suggests which of the following about divided demand among a growing number of SKU’s?

A.          It has increased the average lifetime of products.

B.          It has resulted from retailer’s attempts to predict demand more accurately and avoid both understocks and overstocks.

C.          It has decreased the use of flexible manufacturing by companies.

D.          It has not increased the expense of keeping inventory of certain products.

E.           It has not prevented companies from predicting aggregate demand with some certainty.

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Q37:TTGWD-6

According to the passage, which of the following has led to growth in the number of new products introduced in the United States each year?

A.      Reduced average lifetime of products

B.      Increased ability to forecast aggregate demand

C.      More cost-effective ways of keeping inventory for products

D.      Cost-effective production of small quantities of goods

Increased ability to divide demand among a number of SKU’s and to forecast how that demand

Q5. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage regarding the geologic changes that occurred during Ordovician period?

A.      They were more drastic than those associated with other radiations

B.      They may have created conditions favorable to the evolution of many new life-forms

C.      They may have caused the extinction of many of the marine species living in shallow waters

D.     They may have been a factor in the development of new species adapted to living both on land and in water

E.      They hastened the formation of the extensive dry regions found in the western united states

为何不选B？？？？？？

为何不选B？？？？？？

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