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[原始] 加速器质谱(Accelerator Mass Spectrometry)在考古学上的应用

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楼主
发表于 2015-5-28 00:36:25 | 只看该作者 回帖奖励 |倒序浏览 |阅读模式
赞赞人品,狗主麻烦来确认一下,那个测年代的方法是不是Accelerator Mass Spectrometry?

如果是得话,有个相关背景的文章,给大家用来增加背景知识。

加速器质谱(AMS)在考古学上的应用
自然界中碳元素有三种同位素,即稳定同位素12C、13C和放射性同位素14C。
  14C由美國科学家马丁·卡门与同事塞缪尔·鲁宾于1940年发现。
   14C的半衰期为5730年,14C的应用主要有两个方面:一是在考古学中测定生物死亡年代,即放射性测年法;二是以14C标记化合物为示踪剂,探索化学和生命科学中的微观运动。
   一、利用宇宙射线产生的放射性同位素碳—14来测定含碳物质的年龄,就叫碳—14测年。已故著名考古学家夏鼐先生对碳—14测定考古年代的作用,给了极高的评价:“由于碳—14测定年代法的采用,使不同地区的各种新石器文化有了时间关系的框架,使中國的新石器考古学因为有了确切的年代序列而进入了一个新时期。
   那么,碳—14测年法是如何测定古代遗存的年龄呢?
   原来,宇宙射线在大气中能够产生放射性碳—14,并能与氧结合成二氧化碳形后进入所有活组织,先为植物吸收,后为动物纳入。只要植物或动物生存着,它们就会持续不断地吸收碳—14,在机体内保持一定的水平。而当有机体死亡后,即会停止呼吸碳—14,其组织内的碳—14便以5730年的半衰期开始衰变并逐渐消失。对于任何含碳物质,只要测定剩下的放射性碳—14的含量,就可推断其年代。
   碳—14测年法分为常规碳—14测年法和加速器质谱碳—14测年法两种。当时,Libby发明的就是常规碳—14测年法,1950年以来,这种方法的技术与应用在全球有了显著进展,但它的局限性也很明显,即必须使用大量的樣品和较长的测量时间。于是,加速器质谱碳—14测年技术发展起来了

   加速器质谱碳—14测年法具有明显的独特优点。

一是樣品用量少,只需1~5毫克樣品就可以了,如一小片织物、骨屑、古陶瓷器表面或气孔中的微量碳粉都可测量;而常规碳—14测年法则需1~5克樣品,相差3个数量级。

二是灵敏度高,其测量同位素比值的灵敏度可达10-15至10-16;而常规碳—14测年法则与之相差5~7个数量级。

三是测量时间短,测量现代碳若要达到1%的精度,只需10~20分钟;而常规碳—14测年法却需12~20小時 。

   正是由于加速器质谱碳—14测年法具有上述优点,自其问世以来,一直为考古学家、古人类学家和地质学家所重视,并得到了广泛的应用。可以说,对测定50000年以内的文物樣品,加速器质谱碳—14测年法是测定精度最高的一种。

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沙发
 楼主| 发表于 2015-5-28 00:53:51 | 只看该作者
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry

Mass spectrometers detect atoms of specific elements according to their atomic weights. They, however, do not have the sensitivity to distinguish atomic isobars (atoms of different elements that have the same atomic weight, such as in the case of carbon 14 and nitrogen 14—the most common isotope of nitrogen).

Thanks to nuclear physics, mass spectrometers have been fine-tuned to separate a rare isotope from an abundant neighboring mass, and accelerator mass spectrometry was born. A method has finally been developed to detect carbon 14 in a given sample and ignore the more abundant isotopes that swamp the carbon 14 signal.

How Does AMS Work?

AMS
There are essentially two parts in the process of radiocarbon dating through accelerator mass spectrometry. The first part involves accelerating the ions to extraordinarily high kinetic energies, and the subsequent step involves mass analysis.

There are two accelerator systems commonly used for radiocarbon dating through accelerator mass spectrometry. One is the cyclotron, and the other is a tandem electrostatic accelerator.

Advantages of AMS Analysis

The greatest advantage that AMS radiocarbon dating has over radiometric methods is small sample size. Accelerator mass spectrometers need only as little as 20 milligrams and as high as 500 milligrams for certain samples whereas conventional methods need at least 10 grams in samples like wood and charcoal and as much as 100 grams in bones and sediments. Accelerator mass spectrometers typically need sample sizes lesser than conventional methods by a factor of 1,000.

Radiocarbon dating is a destructive process. Hence, because of its ability to analyze samples even in minute amounts, accelerator mass spectrometry is the method of choice for archaeologists with small artifacts and those who cannot destroy very expensive or rare materials.

Due to the sensitivity of accelerator mass spectrometers, carbon dating small particles like blood particles, a grain, or a seed have been made possible.

Accelerator mass spectrometry also takes less time to analyze samples for carbon 14 content compared to radiometric dating methods that can take one or two days. An accelerator mass spectrometer has a run time of a few hours per sample.

Lastly, it must be noted that AMS measurements usually achieve higher precision and lower backgrounds than radiometric dating methods.

Disadvantages of AMS Radiocarbon Dating

An accelerator mass spectrometer, although a powerful tool, is also a costly one. Establishing and maintaining an accelerator mass spectrometer costs millions of dollars.

Due to the small sample sizes involved, control of contaminants is also difficult. Rigorous pretreatment is needed to make sure contaminants have been eliminated and will not lead to substantial errors during the carbon dating process.
板凳
发表于 2015-5-28 01:54:48 | 只看该作者
第一段还讲了另一种方法…但是实在抱歉想不起来那个名字了…
上面的bg主要看一下优点吧…因为文章里大部分是关于这个ams方法应用的实例的讨论…
地板
 楼主| 发表于 2015-5-28 10:40:08 | 只看该作者
Jocelynbest 发表于 2015-5-28 01:54
第一段还讲了另一种方法…但是实在抱歉想不起来那个名字了…
上面的bg主要看一下优点吧…因为文章里大部分 ...

多谢你了啊Jocelyn
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