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Jon Clark's study of the effect of the
modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange
maintenance work and workers is a solid
contribution to a debate that encompasses two
(5) lively issues in the history and sociology of
technology: technological determinism and social
constructivism.
Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a
technology have a decisive influence on job skills
(10) and work organization. Put more strongly,
technology can be a primary determinant of social
and managerial organization. Clark believes this
possibility has been obscured by the recent
sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman's
(15) analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery
reflects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of
a technological system is subordinate to the
manager's desire to wrest control of the labor
process from the workers. Technological change is
(20) construed as the outcome of negotiations among
interested parties who seek to incorporate their own
interests into the design and configuration of the
machinery. This position represents the new
mainstream called social constructivism.
(25) The constructivists gain acceptance by
misrepresenting technological determinism:
technological determinists are supposed to believe,
for example, that machinery imposes appropriate
forms of order on society. The alternative to
(30) constructivism, in other words, is to view technology
as existing outside society, capable of directly
influencing skills and work organization.
Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists
by both theoretical and empirical arguments.
(35) Theoretically he defines "technology" in terms of
relationships between social and technical variables.
Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to
cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is
just scrap unless it is organized functionally and
(40) supported by appropriate systems of operation and
maintenance. At the empirical level Clark shows how
a change at the telephone exchange from
maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches
to semielectronic switching systems altered work
(45) tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration,
and organization of workers. Some changes Clark
attributes to the particular way management and
labor unions negotiated the introduction of the
technology, whereas others are seen as arising from
(50) the capabilities and nature of the technology itself.
Thus Clark helps answer the question: "When is
social choice decisive and when are the concrete
characteristics of technology more important?"
Q127. Which of the following statements about Clark's study
of the telephone exchange can be inferred from
information in the passage?
(A) Clark's reason for undertaking the study was to
undermine Braverman's analysis of the function
of technology.
(B) Clark's study suggests that the implementation
of technology should be discussed in the context
of conflict between labor and management.
(C Clark examined the impact of changes in the
technology of switching at the exchange in
terms of overall operations and organization.
(D) Clark concluded that the implementation of new
switching technology was equally beneficial to
management and labor.
(E) Clark's analysis of the change in switching
systems applies only narrowly to the situation at
the particular exchange that he studied.
OA is C
我已标出答案的地方
我选的A，
请教一下C的句子到底该怎么看，找不到结构。
还有A为什么错呢？
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发表于 2014-10-28 20:12:04
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