|
1、At present the Hollywood Restaurant has only standard-height tables. However, many customers come to watch the celebrities who frequent the Hollywood, and they would prefer tall tables with stools because such seating would afford a better view of the celebrities. Moreover, diners seated on stools typically do not stay as long as diners seated at standard-height tables. Therefore, if the Hollywood replaced some of its seating with high tables and stools, its profits would increase.
The argument is vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it gives reason to believe that it is likely that Ａ.some celebrities come to the Hollywood to be seen, and so might choose to sit at the tall tables if they were available B. the price of meals ordered by celebrities dining at the Hollywood compensates for the longer time, if any, they spend lingering over their meals C. a customer of the Hollywood who would choose to sit at a tall table would be an exception to the generalization about lingering D. a restaurant's customers who spend less time at their meals typically order less expensive meals than those who remain at their meals longer E. with enough tall tables to accommodate all the Hollywood's customers interested in such seating, there would be no view except of other tall tables
词汇: stool 英音 [stu:l] n.凳子，高脚凳 lingering 英音[ˈlɪŋgərɪŋ] adj.拖延的; 逗留 翻译：目前好莱坞只有标准高度的桌子。然而前来观看名人的客户更愿意要有高脚凳的桌子，因为这样更加方便他 们观看名人。此外，坐高脚凳的客人比坐普通凳子的客人用餐时间短。因此好莱坞应该把凳子替换成高脚凳以增加利润。 题型：上述论证的薄弱点在于？ 削弱题 分析过程： a) 因：很多客人喜欢看名人-高脚凳有利于看名人-客人喜欢高脚凳 2）高脚凳用餐时间短 b) 果：全部替换高脚凳，增加利润
答案：C 选项分析： A) 一些名人来好莱坞是被别人看的，所以希望选择高脚凳。文中说的是客人愿意坐高脚凳看名人，而不是名人愿意做高脚凳被别人看。并且这个说法与原文最终结论并无关联。
B)选项说即使有吃饭时间延长的情况，那些名人在好莱坞进餐的高价也足以弥补时间延长所带来的损失。这同样说的是名人而不是客户，与题意无关。
C)该论述是通过 客人喜欢看名人——高脚凳有利于看名人——客人喜欢高脚凳——高脚凳用餐时间短——替换以增加利润 推导出的结论。但是它却忽略了这里高脚凳的用途已经发生了改变。它不只是作为用餐的座位，更为重要的价值在于可以看到名人。所以，普通客人的延时方式是因为舒适的凳子在这里失效了。好莱坞客人的延时方式在于他们要坐在这里看名人。因此，高脚凳的出现并不能使得速度加快，利润上升，反而让人们在此逗留时间增长。答案C好莱坞客人的延时方式是例外的。符合题意。
D)选项说通常那些提早离开的客人比延时的客人点的餐便宜。这是大家错误率最高的选项，但是它是一个新增的信息点，不是对原文的直接削弱，并且选项中typically通常情况，说明有一定的不确定性。因此不选。
E)选项说如果有足够的高桌子来满足客人的需求，那么就只能需要更高的桌子才能有更好的视野。有一点水涨船高的意思，就是说全部增高相当于没有增高。但是这显然与文中通过时间推出利润的论证过程无关。这个选项是用来驳斥文中的既定事实，即有了高脚凳也不会有好视野，但是并非对原文思路的削弱因此不选。
2、A year ago, Dietz Foods launched a yearlong advertising campaign for its canned tuna. Last year Dietz sold 12 million cans of tuna compared to the 10 million sold during the previous year, an increase directly attributable to new customers brought in by the campaign. Profits from the additional sales, however, were substantially less than the cost of the advertising campaign. Clearly, therefore, the campaign did nothing to further Dietz's economic interests. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument? A . Sales of canned tuna account for a relatively small percentage of Dietz Foods' profits. . B .Most of the people who bought Dietz's canned tuna for the first time as a result of the campaign were already loyal customers of other Dietz products. . C .A less expensive advertising campaign would have brought in significantly fewer new customers for Dietz's canned tuna than did the campaign Dietz Foods launched last year. . D .Dietz made money on sales of canned tuna last year. . E .In each of the past five years, there was a steep, industry-wide decline in sales of canned tuna.
词汇：tuna 英音['tju:nə] 美音[ˈtunə]n.<鱼>金枪鱼（科）; 金枪鱼罐头 steep英音[sti:p]美音[stip] adj.陡峭的; 过分的，夸张的; 极高的; 急剧升降的; 翻译： D公司成立了广告公司，去年投放了一年的金枪鱼广告，结果卖了12m。前年卖了10m，多的这2m是由于顾客增多。但是，支出的广告费远超过金枪鱼增加的额外利润。因此得出结论广告并没有给D公司带来经济好处。 题型：削弱题Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument？ 分析过程：
因：1）广告，销售增多，来源于新顾客 2）利润<广告费用
果：原文通过增加的利润小于支出的费用推出对公司的利润没有用。
答案：E
选项分析：
A) 选项原题从头到尾只讨论金枪鱼销售和金枪鱼广告，占多大比例都没有关系，只要有经济得益就加强原假设。无关。
B)选项说第一次来购买这种金枪鱼的人是D公司其他产品的老客户，也就是说广告并没有起太多作用，是对原文的支持。并且这只说明了广告和顾客的关系，并没有论证经济效益。
C)选项说广告花钱要是少了，新顾客就相应减少。请注意这里两个同时减少，钱少了，收入也少了，利润可能增加可能减少，因此就存在多种可能了。存在一种加强原论点的情况就是，要是广告商被鱼罐头潜规则了，广告可以大幅降价，成本降低很多，带来收入的下降不多，那就说明花现在这份儿钱是吃亏的，少花一点得了，这就是支持了原观点。不一定削弱。
D)选项去年利润为正，试图和今年是否盈利对比来削弱。题目说今年比广告成本少的那个值是“profits from the additional sales” 是今年纯增加的利润，没有说今年总利润为负。没有削弱。
E)选项过去五年（因此包括去年）金枪鱼产品的总体趋势是销量减少。这样一来，不做广告就会满足这个趋势，利润更低。而去年做了广告，逆趋势上扬，减少了应有的亏损。完全削弱观点。
3. Bank depositors in the United States are all financially protected against bank failure because the government insures all individuals' bank deposits. An economist argues that this insurance is partly responsible for the high rate of bank failures, since it removes from depositors any financial incentive to find out whether the bank that holds their money is secure against failure. If depositors were more selective then banks would need to be secure in order to compete for depositors' money. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the economist s argument? A. Before the government started to insure depositors against bank failure, there was a lower rate of bank failure than there is now. B. When the government did not insure deposits frequent bank failures occurred as a result of depositors' fears of losing money in bank failures. C. Surveys show that a significant proportion of depositors are aware that their deposits are insured by the government. D. There is an upper limit on the amount of an individual's deposit that the government will insure. But very few individuals' deposits exceed this limit. E. The security of a bank against failure depends on the percentage of its assets that are loaned out and also on how much risk its loans involve.
词汇: incentive英音[ɪnˈsentɪv] 美音[ɪnˈsɛntɪv]n.动机; 刺激; 诱因; 鼓励; adj.刺激性的; 鼓励性质的;
翻译：美国的储户可以在银行的破产中受到保护，是因为美国政府保障储户的存款安全。但是有经济学家指出，政府的这种保护只对银行的高破产风险承担部分责任，因为他们将银行对储户的刺激政策所导致的风险排除在外，也就是说他们只关心非激励政策下银行的破产可能性。结论是如果储户在选择银行的时候谨慎一些，有选择性，那么银行的破产数量就会降低。问题是对经济学家这种观点进行削弱。
题型：削弱题
分析过程：
因： 1）储户存在银行的钱是受政府的保险保护的 2）储户不谨慎选择银行
果： 保险对银行的失败有责任
答案：B
选项分析：
A )保险××——>银行失败——取非就是保险√√——>银行失败+这支持了经济学家的观点C储户有很大比例都知道，“保险√√”這個選項有兩個錯誤，第一是are aware不等于are selective，偷换概念。第二是假设即使知道的储户可以削弱经济学家的观点使银行失败不会出現在这一部份的储户身上，可是“大部分”不等于所有，不能使削弱完全成立。
B经济学家认为，由于政府的保护是片面的，而储户认为有政府的担保就不用担心银行破产，因此不谨慎的选择银行造成了银行破产。如果要削弱，可以从前提削弱，即政府的保护很全面，可以有效防止银行破产。B选项通过反证，保险××——>银行失败+，指出经济学家的观点若要成立，其前提必須完全相反，直接攻击其前提和推理，是完全削弱的选项正确 D讨论金额的上限的问題，可是原文对银行失败仅关注是否发生，沒有讨论金额大小和发生银行失败的概率之间的问题。假设即使上限的存在可以削弱经济学家的觀點，但是很少的个人的错误类似于C选项，不能使削弱完全成立。 E指出”比例的资产贷款”和“贷款风险”——>银行失败即试图指出其他导致银行失败的原因。注意到原文第一句是一個观点，其后兩句是经济学家的观点，通过這兩个观点同时出现，可以知道在有政府不保险存在的情況下，银行失败既有可能出現（這是经济学家的观点）也有可能不出現（这是原文第一句的观点）因此，政府没有保险就是有可能导致银行失败的因素，而无论是否存在其他因素，也不能削弱政府不保险这个因素的推理。
4、Guillemots are birds of Arctic regions. They feed on fish that gather beneath thin sheets of floating ice, and they nest on nearby land. Guillemots need 80 consecutive snow-free days in a year to raise their chicks, so until average temperatures in the Arctic began to rise recently, the guillemots' range was limited to the southernmost Arctic coast. Therefore, if the warming continues, the guillemots' range will probably be enlarged by being extended northward along the coast. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument? A. Even if the warming trend continues, there will still be years in which guillemot chicks are killed by an unusually early snow. B. If the Arctic warming continues, guillemots' current predators are likely to succeed in extending their own range farther north. C. Guillemots nest in coastal areas, where temperatures are generally higher than in inland areas. D. If the Arctic warming continues, much of the thin ice in the southern Arctic will disappear. E. The fish that guillemots eat are currently preyed on by a wider variety of predators in the southernmost Arctic regions than they are farther north.
词汇：consecutive 英音[kənˈsekjətɪv] adj.连续的，连贯的; [语]表示结果的; predator英音 ['predətə(r)] 美音[ˈprɛdətɚ, -ˌtɔr] n. 食肉动物;
翻译：G是生活在A地区的鸟。它们以聚集在薄浮冰周围的鱼为生，并在浮冰旁边筑巢。G需要80天没有雪的日子来孵蛋。因此，直到A地区的平均温度开始上升，G鸟的活动区域一直在A区的最南部。因此，如果温度继续上升，那么G鸟的生活区域就会向北扩大。
题型：削弱题
分析过程：
因：1）G需要连续80天来孵蛋 2）G的活动区域在A最南部直到温度上升
果：温度上升，G生活区域往北扩大
答案: D 选项分析： A选项说即使温度上升，孵化的幼鸟也会在这几年中被提早来临的雪杀死，这与温度和鸟的生活区域完全没有任何联系。错。
B选项说如果温度上升，这种鸟的天敌会更有可能扩大生活区域。但是捕食者扩大生活区域与这种鸟是否会扩大生活空间没有直接的联系。
C选项说G鸟的巢在海岸边，比内陆地区的温度会高一些。这是说明在温度不变的情况下，G鸟不会向北方扩大，因为它们生活的本身温度比内陆高，但是在温度上升的情况下，G鸟还是可以扩大生活区域的。这是支持不是削弱。
D原文中建立了温度和鸟生活地域的关系。因此若想削弱结论，则需要通过原文中涉及到的信息来破坏温度上升得出生活区域扩大的推理，因此就要找温度上升带来的减少生存区域的不利影响。选项D说明温度上升导致薄浮冰层融化，因此聚集于此的鱼也会减少，鸟的原有生活区域受到威胁。
E选项说G鸟吃的鱼现在最南部比向北的地区有更多的捕食者。这与温度无关，不能削弱结论
5、Travel agents are market intermediaries who make their living by gathering, organizing, and dispensing information about travel-related services that is not readily available to most consumers through new information technologies, such as the internet much of this information can now be made directly available to consumers demand for the services of travel agents will be drastically reduced. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument? A. Travel agents routinely use the internet and other new information technologies as sources for the information they obtain for their customers. B. The amount of information available through the internet and other new information technologies is increasing faster than the capabilities of most consumers to process it C. Many people use travel-related services, such as airlines and hotels without consulting a travel agent . D. The people who currently use the services of travel agents are also those most likely to gain access to new information technologies E. The internet and other new information technologies are currently used by a relatively small proportion of the population
词汇：intermediary英音[ˌɪntə'mi:dɪərɪ]美音[ˌɪntɚˈmidiˌɛri]adj.中间人的; 调解的; 居间的; 媒介的; n.中间人; 媒介; 调解人; 中间阶段; dispense英音 [dɪ'spens] 美音[dɪˈspɛns]vt.分配，分给; 实施，施行; 免除，豁免; 配（药）; vi.特许，豁免; drastically英音['drɑ:stɪklɪ] 美音[ˈdræstɪkl:ɪ]adv.彻底地; 激烈地; 翻译：旅行中介通过组织分配顾客难以获得的信息来提供服务。但是现在随着新兴媒体的发展，例如互联网，顾客可以自己去获得大量的信息。因此旅游中介可以提供的服务大幅度缩减了。
题型：削弱题
分析过程：因：1）旅行中介通过组织分配顾客难以获得的信息来提供服务2）现在随着新兴媒体的发展，例如互联网，顾客可以自己去获得大量的信息
果：因此旅游中介可以提供的服务大幅度缩减了
答案：B
选项分析：
A选项说旅行中介也用了新兴媒体来给顾客提供信息，这说明新兴媒体可以帮助旅行中介为顾客提供信息，没有削弱。
B原文是建立新兴媒体为顾客提供了很多信息来否定旅行中介的作用。因此若想削弱，则要说明新兴媒体在处理信息方面不能替代旅行中介。即要同时说明新兴媒体有问题，旅行中介有好处。因此B选项说新兴媒体提供的大量信息让顾客很难处理，而原文第一句说旅行中介可以处理这些信息。证明了旅行中介的不可替代性，直接削弱。
C选项说顾客采纳其他与旅行相关的服务例如航线或者旅店，而不使用旅行中介。这不仅是对旅行中介作用的削弱，某种程度上为观点的加强，而且与原文信息无关。
D选项说那些使用旅行中介的人同时也用新兴媒体等高科技的帮助，这说明旅行中介和新媒体都好，没有起到削弱作用。
E选项说新兴媒体被很少人使用，这只能说明新兴媒体的使用范围小，但并没有说明旅行中介的不可替代性，没有起到削弱作用。 | 
京公网安备11010202008513号 京ICP证101109号 京ICP备12012021号
发表于 2014-2-27 18:02:30
收藏
收藏
楼主