- UID
- 732028
- 在线时间
- 小时
- 注册时间
- 2012-3-5
- 最后登录
- 1970-1-1
- 主题
- 帖子
- 性别
- 保密
|
请考过的同学们,确认补充一下吧,特别是那个英语版本的哦,不胜感激呢
6.2
还有一篇是奴隶在解放后变成sharecropper了,然后就靠考古的了
6.3
P1、美国黑人在内战后获得解放,然后可以获得一定的土地,于是他们可以有一定的自由选择劳动或者不劳动,结果导致劳动总量下降,劳动力变得紧缺。于是黑人就有了与白人农场主谈判的筹码,可以改善劳动条件以及获得更好的报酬。 P2、作者跳出来说,其实不完全是这样的,黑人虽然有了土地,可以自由分配劳动,可是呢,他们米有生产所必须的工具呀,这些工具都掌握在黑人手里,要获得工具呢,他们就必须向白人贷款,于是款越呆越多,最后还不起了,肿么办呢.果是棉花价格越来越便宜,小麦价格越来越贵(很可能是变体,请注意!!!)
6.4
黑人战争时期civil right,貌似GWD还是哪里见过
6.5
讲美国civil war之后,以前的黑奴获得了自由,有了更多属于自己的时间,他们和landlord之间的关系也改变了,形成了sharecropping的模式,就是former slave,现在也享有耕种所收获的庄稼的一部分权益。第二段讲,由于这些黑人的only collateral is the crop,他们种什么就要完全听从市场需求 (这部分的逻辑关系我理解的不是很有把握),所以在当时的南方,种的都是cotton。于是,由于过大的supply,cotton的价格就低,所以黑人的经济收益其实并不高。文章不长,2/3屏左右。题目回忆不出来了。。。。。。
#6.6
考古-----bybkwheat Sharecropping and tenant farming were substitutes for paid labor where little cash was available to pay wages. A sharecropper raised part of the landlord’s crop and was paid a share of the profits after deductions for living expenses and the cost of tools and supplies. A tenant farmer sold what he raised and paid the landlord a share of the profits as rent. The landlord either owned the crop (in sharecropping) or had a lien on it (in tenant farming); if the profit was low, he got his share first. The cropper or tenant took what was left or, if none was left, got an advance to keep going until the next harvest. Desperate to recover financially, landowners relied almost exclusively on their traditional cash crop, cotton. Agriculture failed to diversify. By 1879, cotton production equaled its prewar peak. However, the return of high levels of cotton production failed to improve the lot of most Mississippians because the price for cotton declined through most of the postwar decades, and living costs rose. Mounting debt forced many small farmers to give up their land and become tenants or sharecroppers. Kept in perpetual debt because they could seldom earn enough to pay off their yearly advances, few were able to escape the sharecropping and tenant farming system. Not until World War II (1939-1945), when widespread mechanization of cotton production made sharecropping unprofitable, did the system begin to disappear.
6.9
还有一篇讲的是美国黑奴还有landlord还有一群人(单词不认识- -) 他们在世界大战以后之间关系的变化 两段 第二段讲什么只能种棉花来交换supplies 最终导致土地贫瘠 产量下降 没有得到他们预期的结果 6.10 说的是postwar 的xx和landlord的经济贸易的关系,有两段。小阅读。第二段说的是xx贸易的受制约的因素是因为他们first 产出的一半用来交换什么东西,然后由于棉花价格的不断下降以及不断积累的负债,xx的经济负担越来越重(最后一句)。。。(具体记不清了)
6.11
第一段写:黑人在战后过得好了。有土地了,地主的劳动力就少了,黑人就有了谈判筹码,还以为(这有考题)能在做佃农的时候,跟地主平分利润。
第二段写:让这块地种什么,还是地主说了算,所有地主都总是要求种棉花,结果棉花降价了,结果黑人该给地主的地租还要给,黑人自己还是破产。 问题:黑人本来是怎么设想的——我选设想自己也能从地主那分到些利润。 如果地主不让种棉花,会有什么情况?——我选的棉花价格就不会下降。
6.13
一篇短文说,奴隶解放后,美国南方的奴隶成为sharecropper,有更多的闲暇时间。带来了南方劳动力的短缺,于是劳工的工资上升。黑人的生活可以变得更好。第二段开始反驳,作者认为奴隶解放后,虽然黑人成为sharecroper,自己拥有田地,但是还是要依靠白人给他们提供supplies for farming,而黑人的only collateral is their crop yield. 所以最终白人叫黑人多种棉花,少种小麦。市场上的棉花多了,价格骤降,黑人的收入还是和以前比起来没有多大变化。题目有一道主旨题,其它的题目不记得了。 |
|