cmmht2的gmat之路。重新上路！我要从普通变强大?

cmmht2 · 发表于 2012-5-9 12:03:56

重新上路

cmmht2 · 发表于 2012-5-9 12:12:22

这几天已经完成的零散东西。og sc 20 题。发现不能这么看，每题都要在网上查，都有疑点，没有语法的整个框架，看的很辛苦，所以准备先看manhattan来看。
manhattan已经看了5章。加油加油！今天继续。

cmmht2 · 发表于 2012-5-10 08:57:27

加油，继续manhattan .

cmmht2 · 发表于 2012-5-12 18:35:31

今天把manhattan 结束并结合cd上的中文版整理自己的笔记！

cmmht2 · 发表于 2012-5-28 20:01:52

贴一个independent 和 dependent clause 的对比特好！
定義
子句是一組包含一個主詞和一個動詞的關連字。子句與片語有明顯的不同，後者為一組不含主詞與動詞關係的關連字，如 "in the morning" 或 "running down the street" 或 "having grown used to this harassment."

我們討論子句時會用到的字
基本上，我們將子句分為獨立子句 (independent clauses)和從屬子句 (dependent clauses)；這意謂有些子句可以單獨存在，有些則不行。獨立子句又稱為主要主句 (main clauses 或 principal clauses)，而從屬子句又稱為附屬子句 (subordinate clauses)--意謂附屬子句必須依附主要主句才能存在。附屬子句是由附屬連接詞 (subordinating conjunction，又稱從屬字 dependent word：如 because, and, but, yet, so 等 ) 來產生。

請注意一個獨立子句在同一組字以一個從屬字做開頭時如何變成附屬子句，如 "She is older than her brother" 變成 "Because she is older than her brother, she tells him what to do."
子句也被分為限定子句 (restrictive clauses) 與非限定子句 (nonrestrictive clauses)。有兩個字有時也被用來分別表達跟 restrictive 和 nonrestrictive 相同的意思，那就是「必要」(essential) 和「非必要」( nonessential)。一個非限定子句對句子的意思並非必要，它可從句子中移除而不會改變句子的基本意思。非限定子句通常用一個逗點與句子的其他部分分開，或者前後各用一個逗點分開 (如果它是放在句子中間的話)。

Professor Villa, who used to be a secretary for the President, can type 132 words a minute.
請再參考 "Which Vs. That" 以進一步瞭解限定與非限定子句之間的不同，及這些子句如何加標點符號。

關係子句 (relative clauses) 是由一個關係代名詞 (relative pronoun：that, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, of which等) 所引導的附屬子句。關係子句可以是限定或非限定子句。讀者可以參考「逗點的使用規則」，裨在決定關係子句是限定子句或非限定子句，以及是否使用逗點來將它們與句子的其他部分分開時，可以獲得更多的協助。在關係子句中，關係代名詞是動詞的主詞 (記住：所有子句都有主詞與動詞的關係)且與該子句前面的人事物有關。

Tom said that the plantar wart, which had been bothering him for years, had to be removed.
(在這個句子中，以黃色表示的子句為一限定子句，即必要子句 [名詞子句]，不可以用逗點分開；而加底線的關係子句 [修飾 "wart"]為非限定子句，即非必要子句 [可以自句子中移除而不會改變句子的意思]，則用逗點分開。)

精減子句 (Elliptical clauses)：見下面的說明。

獨立子句 (Independent Clauses)
獨立子句可做為單獨的句子存在，只是當它們與其他子句分離而單獨存在時，它們通常被稱為句子，而不叫子句。我們必須學會辨認子句並知道一個子句何時可以做為獨立子句，這有助於我們寫出正確的句子。例如，在下面的句子中，

Bob didn't mean to do it, but he did it anyway.
我們有兩個獨立子句-- "Bob didn't mean to do it" 和 "he did it anyway" --它們被一個逗點和一個對等連接詞 ("but") 連接起來。

當然啦！我們也必須學會將兩個或兩個以上的獨立子句結合為一個較長句子的技巧。例如，如果在上面的句子中，"but" 被拿掉，那麼這個句子就被稱為逗點謬誤 (comma splice)：兩個獨立子句之間僅用一個逗點來連接。再者，一長串結構與長度相似的子句會讓人覺得單調乏味，導致所謂 "Dick and Jane" (小學一年級學生的造詞造句；又稱 primer language__詳細解釋請參見英文資料庫之教育學術大醬缸)。因此，我們要避免小學生式的造詞造句。此時若能瞭解兩個獨立子句之間的標點符號，對你應該也有幫助。

子句係利用三種不同的方式來結合：對等、附屬及使用分號 (；)。對等 (coordination) 是指以一個對等連接詞 (and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so)來結合獨立子句。利用這種方式連接的子句在長度和意思 (import) 上通常具有良好的對等。

Ramonita thought about joining the church choir, but she never talked to her friends about it.
附屬 (subordination) 是指利用一個附屬連接詞 (有時稱為附屬字) 或一個關係代名詞將其中一個子句變成附屬子句。當某一子句係以附屬或從屬字做開頭時,他就不再是獨立子句；它被稱為附屬或從屬子句，因為它的意思係依附獨立子句而定。我們還可利用其他方法來結合子句，如將獨立子句變成各種修飾用的片語。

Although Ramonita often thought about joining the choir, she never talked about to her friends about it.
Ramonita never talked to her friends about joining the choir, because she was afraid they would make fun of her.
Yasmin is Ramonita's sister. Yasmin told Ramonita to join the choir no matter what her friends said.
利用關係子句來結合：
Yasmin, [who is] Ramonita's sister, told Ramonita to join the choir...
分號 (semicolon) 可以在連接副詞 (conjunctive adverb，亦稱語氣轉折字 transitional expression：however, moreover, nevertheless 等) 的協助下 (但也可以不必藉助於連接副詞) 連接兩個獨立子句。但分號應盡量少用，而且只有當兩個獨立子句在長度和意思上關係非常密切且具有良好的對等關係時才使用。

Ramonita has such a beautiful voice; many couples have asked her to sing at their wedding.
Ramonita's voice has a clear, angelic quality; furthermore,   she clearly enjoys using it.

從屬子句 (Dependent Clauses)
從屬子句不能單獨存在。它們必須與獨立子句結合，成為一個可以單獨存在的句子的一部份。與獨立子句不同的是，附屬子句係被用來在句子中擔任不同的功能。它們可以當名詞用或當修飾語用。根據它們在句子中的功能，我們可以分類出三種基本的從屬子句。請記住：一個從屬子句一定包含一個主詞和一個動詞，但它不能單獨存在。

副詞子句 (adverb clauses) 提供有關主要子句「到底怎麼回事」的資訊：where, when, why。 "When the movie is over, we'll go downtown." 或 "John wanted to write a book because he had so much to say about the subject."
形容詞子句 (adjective clauses) 的功用有如多字的形容詞。 "My brother,
who is an engineer, figured it out for me." 或 "The bridge that collapsed in the winter storm will cost millions to replace."
名詞子句 (noun clauses) 具備名詞的所有功能。 "What he knows [主詞] is no concern of mine." or "Do you know what he knows [受詞]?" 或 "What can   you tell me about what he has done this year [介系詞 "about" 的受詞]?"
1.名詞子句當主詞
What they did with the treasure remains a mystery.
Whatever you want for dessert is fine with me.
That you should feel this way about her came as a great   surprise to us.
2.名詞子句當受詞
Juan finally revealed what he had done with the money.
Her husband spent whatever she had saved over the years.
I don't know what I should do next.
3.名詞子句當介系詞的受詞
In fact, he wrote a book about what he had done over the   years.
We are interested in what he does for a living.
4.名詞子句當述語主格 (predicate nominative) -- 即主詞補語
The trouble was that they had never been there before.
The biggest disappointment of last season was that the
women's team didn't make it to the final four.
5.形容詞子句
My brother, who now teaches math in a small college, never liked math in high school.
The dealership that sold more cars ended up actually losing money.
The Federated Bank, which was founded nearly two
centuries ago, folded during the state's economic crisis.
6.副詞子句
The team had fallen behind by ten points before they were   able to figure out the opponent's defense.
Since he started working nights, he doesn't see much of his kids.
While Josie sat inside watching television, Gladys shoveled the driveway.

精減子句 (Elliptical Clauses)
精減子句是文法不完整的子句，因為它們省略了通常用來引導這種子句的關係代名詞 (從屬字) 或一項比較中第二部分的述語 (predicate)。精減子句中省略的部分可以從上下文中猜測出來，而大多數讀者也不知道什麼東西不見了。事實上，精減子句被視為一種有用且正確的子句，即使在正式的文章中亦然，因為它們通常是優雅和有力的表達方式。在下面的句子中，被省略的字用括號括起來。

Coach Rodman knew [that] this team would be the best [that] she had coached in recent years.
Though [they were] sometimes nervous on the court, her recruits proved to be hard workers.
Sometimes the veterans knew the recruits could play better than they [could play].

Which Vs. That
Which 這個字可被用來引導限定子句與非限定子句，不過許多寫作者僅用它來引導非限定子句；That 這個字只能被用來引導限定子句。看看下面這兩個句子之間到底有什麼不同：
"The garage that my uncle built is falling down."
"The garage, which my uncle built, is falling down."
無論在什麼地方，當我說出第一個句子時，聽的人一定都確切知道我講的是那個車庫 -- 我伯父所蓋的車庫。然而，在第二個句子中，我必須說出車庫的位置，如在我家的後院，同時指著該倒塌的車庫。換言之，"that 子句" 已提供你需要的資訊，否則你將不知道我講的是那個車庫 (所以不需要逗點，也不可以有逗點)；"which 子句" 則提供非必要、附加的資訊 (所以需要逗點)。順便一提的是，若干寫作者堅持 that 這個字不能用來指人，但在這些人未被指名道姓的情況中，這種用法是可以的。

cmmht2 · 发表于 2012-5-30 10:55:25

Appositive vs absolute phrase
为了回答这个问题，我还要GOOGLE一下什么叫独立主格
摘自百度百科：
　“独立主格结构”在句中的功能就相当于一个带有自己主语的非限制性状语从句。众所周知非限制性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句。
　*注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
---------------
1.按照上面的解释，句子中a group...就一定是同位语，A GROUP指代前面紧接着的logical object, which is " borrowers with proven records...."就是这么一个借款人群体；
2。一个群体就是一个MARKET啊，LZ要补充常识哦。下面就是WIKI上关于MARKET的解释 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market。劳动力市场就完全是一个GROUP OF LABORS 组成的啊。
3。按照百度百科解释　独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。
而同位语则是直接修饰前面提到的OBJECT或者RELATIONSHIP的，而同位语中一定有个NOUN可以直接指出其要修饰的对象。
例如，Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea.这里HER WORK DONE中，HER WORK 无法指到后面任何一个有意义的OBJECT。
而 She sat down for a cup of tea, a drink prepared by her assistant.后面的A DRINK就可以REFER BACK TO THE TEA IN THE PRECEDING CLAUSE.
或者，She sat down for a cup of tea, a scene showing that she was exhausted. A SCENE就可以指代回前面的整个句子

其实这个就appositive vs. absolute phrase的问题，我一开始学GMAT的时候还以为是同一个东西，因为形式上都是
noun + noun modifier
后来才发觉语法上是有区分的，完全靠语义来区分，就像你说的：
“同位语所连接的两个名词是“identical”
而独立主格修饰整个动作（主语和谓语），”
这总结非常好~~

cmmht2 · 发表于 2012-6-6 20:45:41

Og 98解析

Even though Clovis points, spear points with longitudinal grooves chipped onto
their faces, have been round all over north America ,they are named for the
new Mexico site where they were first discovered in 1932；

A.        Even though Clovis points , spear points with longitudinal grooves chipped

onto their faces, have been found all over north America, they are named
for the new Mexico site where they were first discovered in 1932.
B.        Although named for the new Mexico site where first discovered in 1932.
Clovis points are spear points of longitudinal grooves chipped onto their
faces and have been found all over north America .
C.        Named for the new Mexico site where they have been first discovered in

1932. Clovis points, spear points of longitudinal grooves chipped onto the
faces, have been found all over north America .
D.        Spear points with longitudinal grooves that are chipped onto the faces ,Clovis
points , even though
      named for the new Mexico site where first discovered
in 1932, but were found all over north America .
E.         While Clovis points are spear points whose faces have longitudinal grooves
chipped into them ,they have been found all over north America ,and named

for the new Mexico site where they have been first discovered in 1932

注意C 为什么错？
考点：逻辑含义；同位语修饰；时态；代词指代；
心得：转折语气的句子，一般会涉及到逻辑含义这个考点；尽量不要改变原文含义；
A句子结构：从句主语，同位语插入补充说明从句主语，从句谓语，主句主语，主句谓语、宾语；
A的even though是连词，从句、插入语、主句，结构清晰；
B where处错误，应该用一般过去时的被动语态；their代词指代不清；逻辑含义错误；
C 时态错误，应该用一般过去时；逻辑含义错误；
D. even though…， but…语意重复；discovered前缺主语、Be动词，应该是 they were；
E. 句子结构混乱；them，they指代不清；named 前缺were；后面完成时错误，应该用一般过去时；

[此贴子已经被作者于2007-8-12 2:34:11编辑过]

cmmht2 · 发表于 2012-11-27 15:12:15

20121127 grelist 4-9 四级单词复习
list1-3复习

cmmht2 · 发表于 2012-11-28 19:38:11

20121128 复习1-9list
复习四级单词

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