9-22-T8

Since Would War II considerable advances have been made in the area of health-care services. These include better access to health care (particularly for the poor and minorities), improvements in physical plants, and increased numbers of physicians and other health personnel. All have played a part in the recent improvement in life expectancy (life expectancy: n.平均寿命(=expectation of life)).（二战后，医疗健康提高） But there is mounting criticism of the large remaining gaps in access, unbridled cost inflation, the further fragmentation of service, excessive indulgence in wasteful high-technology “gadgeteering,”（n.精巧机件的发明(设计)） and a breakdown in doctor-patient relationships. In recent years (in recent years: 最近几年中) proposed panaceas and new programs, small and large, have proliferated at a feverish pace and disappointments multiply at almost the same rate. This has led to an increased pessimism—“everything has been tried and nothing works”—which sometimes borders on cynicism or even nihilism.（对医疗的批评）第一段：二战后，医疗健康的提高，主要是对医疗的批评，有悲观的情绪

It is true that the automatic “pass through” of rapidly spiraling costs (spiraling costs: 螺旋式上升的费用) to government and insurance carriers, which was set in a publicized environment of “the richest nation in the world,” produced for a time (for a time: adv.暂时, 一度) a sense of unlimited resources and allowed to develop a mood whereby every practitioner and institution could “do his own thing” without undue concern for the “Medical Commons.” The practice of full-cost reimbursement （n.付还, 退还）encouraged capital investment and now the industry is overcapitalized. Many cities have hundreds of excess hospital beds; hospitals have proliferated a superabundance of high-technology equipment; and structural ostentation and luxury were the order of the day (order of the day: 议程,<口>流行的事物,风尚). In any given day, one-fourth of all community beds are vacant; expensive equipment is underused or, worse, used unnecessarily. Capital investment brings rapidly rising operating costs (operating costs: 生产费用,营业成本).第二段：详细说明批评：投资过度/未加利用/提高了成本

Yet, in part, this pessimism derives from expecting too much of health care. （解释原因：悲观的原因在于对医疗期望太高）It must be realized that care is, for most people, a painful experience, often accompanied by fear and unwelcome results. Although there is vast room for improvement, health care will always retain some unpleasantness and frustration. （1。医疗的经历让人不快）Moreover, the capacities of medical science are limited. Humpty Dumpty (一经损坏无法修复的东西) cannot always be put back together again. Too many physicians are reluctant to admit their limitations to patients; too many patients and families are unwilling to accept such realities.（2。医疗水平有限） Nor is it true that everything has been tried and nothing works, as shown by the prepaid group practice plans of the Kaiser Foundation and at Puget Sound.（3。P起了一定的作用） In the main (in the main: adv.大体上), however, such undertakings have been drowned by a veritable flood of public and private moneys which have supported and encouraged the continuation of conventional practices and subsidized their shortcomings on a massive, almost unrestricted scale. Except for the most idealistic and dedicated, there were no incentives to seek change or to practice self-restraint or frugality. In this atmosphere, it is not fair to condemn as failures all attempted experiments; it may be more accurate to say many never had a fair（reasonable） trial.第三段：失望的原因在于对医疗期望太高

8.     Which of the following best describes the logical structure of the selection?逻辑题，全文结构题

(A) The third paragraph is intended as a refutation of the first and second paragraphs.

(B) The second and third paragraphs explain and put into perspective the points made in the first paragraph.

(C) The second and third paragraphs explain and put into perspective （viewpoint）the points made in the first paragraph.

(D) The first paragraph describes a problem, and the second and third paragraphs present two horns of a dilemma.（C）

(E) The first paragraph describes a problem, the second its causes, and the third a possible solution.

这题我选A 答案是C

我哪里不对呢

谢谢

after reading this passage, for me, the third paragraph is served as a concession for the first paragraph.

though it kinda turn to explain the cause of the situation, it still consistant with the first paragraph, without any contradiction.

therefore, it does not refute any idea appeared in the first;

besides the (B)(C) choice in the question is same.

I aint quite sure (B)(C) which one is correct, but (A) wont be right.

thank  you ,vincent.You are right.

I need to read through all the words of the main ideas .

Best wishes for your coming test,