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GRE作文中观点可以因人而异,论据可以千差万别,但论证技巧却几乎就那些。最近在看《新GRE作文5.5》,这本书写得还行吧,我接下来会摘录一些段落篇章,和大家分享,也算是一个读书笔记。有些地方我不认同,也希望大家欢迎指正! 一、演绎推理论证法 将一个具体的事例运用到一个一般性原则从而得出结论。 论点:Demand for this product wii go up。 论据:The price of the product is sliding. 推理依据:Whenever prices of a product go down , demand for it rises. (说明:由论据“the price of the product is sliding ”推出论点“Demand for this product will go up”,这个过程是否有效取决于推理依据“whenever prices of a product go down , demand for it rises”是否成立。下面每一种论证方法都是如此) 二、定义法 界定一个概念的关键内涵;或者认定某个事物符合某个定义,从而得出结论。例如: 论点:Radical feminists are not good citizens. 论据:Radical feminists lack family values. 推理依据:Family values characterize the good citizes. 三、因果关系论证法 将一个判断放入一个因果关系中,指出它或者是原因,或者是结果。例如: 论点:The internet may be causing depression. 论据:When a group of people increased their use of the Internet , they felt depressed. 推理依据:There are no other reasons for the group's depression. 四、归纳推理论证法 从若干个具体事例中推出共性的一般结论。如: 论点:Everyone likes the movie. 论据:I know three people who like the movie. 推理依据:Three eaxmples are enough. 五、列举特征式论证法 指出某事物发生或者生存的征候或者迹象。例如: 论点:The child has chickenpox. 论据:The child has red spots. 推理依据:These spots are signs of chickenpox. 六、类比论证法 用我们已知的、熟悉的事物同未知的。不熟悉的事物加以比较,并用前者的情况解释者 的情况。分为三种:纵向类比(过去的事物同现在的、同一类事物的类比)、横向类比(同一 时期、同一事物之间的类比)、比喻式类比(不同类别事物之间的类比)。例如: 1.纵向类比(Historical analogy) 论点:Many people will die of SARS. 论据:Many people died of the Black Death. 推理依据:SARS and Black Death are similar. 2.横向类比(Literal analogy) 论点:China should have its fighter carriers. 论据:A neighboring country has a powerful carrier fleet. 推理依据:The two countries are similar enough to draw such a comparison. 3.比喻式类比(Metaphorical analogy) 论点:Reading a difficult book should take time. 论据:Digesting a large metal takes time. 推理依据:Reading and eating are sufficiently alike to be compared. 七、引用权威论证法 引用公认的权威,或者论证自己就是权威从而对自己的观点加以论证。例如: 论点:China's economy will grow 8 poercent this year. 论据:Professors and scientists say so. 推理依据:These experts are reliable. 八、诉诸尝试法 利用人们的常识【包括:普遍的价值观念、人的普遍动机、生活常识】进行论证。例如: 1.诉诸普遍性的价值观念。 论点:The university curriculum should be multicultural. 论据:A multicultural curriculum will contribute to equality and acceptance. 推理依据:You value equality and acceptance. 2.诉诸普遍动机 论点:You should support this candidate premier. 论据:The candidate can help you get job security and safe neighbourhoods. 推理依据:You want job security and safe neighbourhoods. 3.诉诸生活常识 论点:She was very kind to me. 论据:She treated me with the best tea she had. 推理依据:A treatment with the best tea is an expression of kindness. 九、反证法 假设一个观点是正确的,然后却推导出荒谬的结论。例如: 论点:An industrious man must also be thrifty. 论据:With only industry but without thrift ,the person will end uo bankrupt. 推理依据:An industrious person ending up bankrupt sounds absurd. 十、统计数据论证法 提供数据,以资论证。例如: 论点:We should end the current poverty-relief program. 论据:It costs $45 million per year. 推理依据:This is too much;it proves we should end it. 以上只是一个详细的结构上的分析说明,在具体运用时,我们经常讲推理依据和论据放在了一起,但只要合理即可。论据可以自己编造,也可以是大众的例子,关键在于自己怎么样建立论点和论据之间的桥梁。 上面的这些技巧,可能我们只用到某种或某几种,但我们必须得会至少一种。 |
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