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不好意思，南瓜jj, 这就贴。 The Native American peoples of the north Pacific Coast created a highly complex maritime culture as they invented modes of production unique to their special environment. In addition to their sophisticated technical culture, they also attained one of (5) the most complex social organizations of any nonagricultural people in the wold. In a division of labor similar to that of the hunting peoples in the interior and among foraging peoples throughout the world, the men did most of the fishing, and the women processed the catch. Women also specialized in the gathering of the abundant shellfish that lived closer to shore. They collected oysters, crabs, sea urchins, mussels, abalone, and clams, which they could gather while remaining close to their children. The maritime (10) life harvested by the women not only provided food, but also supplied more of the raw materials for making tools than did fish gathered by the men. Of particular importance for the native tool than did the fish gathered by the men. Of particular made from the larger mussel shells, and a variety of cutting edges that could be made from other marine shells. (15) The women used their tools to process all of the fish and marine mammals brought in by the men. They cleaned the fish, and dried vast quantities of them for the winter. They sun-dried fish when practical, but in the rainy climate of the coastal area they also used smokehouses to preserve tons of fish and other seafood annually. Each product had its own peculiar characteristics that demanded a particular way of cutting or drying the meat, (20) and each task required its own cutting blades and other utensils. After drying the fish, the women pounded some of them into fish meal, which was an easily transported food used in soups, stews, or other dishes to provide protein and thickening in the absence of fresh fish or while on long trips. The women also made a cheese-like substance from a mixture of fish and roe by aging it in storehouses or by (25) burying it in wooden boxes or pits lined with rocks and tree leaves. 这是最后一篇 Archaeological literature is rich in descriptions of pot making. Unlike modern industrial potters, prehistoric artisans created each of their pieces individually, using the simplest technology but demonstrating remarkable skill in making and adorning their vessels. Line The clay used in prehistoric pot making was invariably selected with the utmost care: (5) often it was traded over considerable distances. The consistency of the clay was crucial: it was pounded meticulously and mixed with water to make it entirely even in texture. By careful kneading, the potter removed the air bubbles and made the clay as plastic as possible, allowing it to be molded into shape as the pot was built up, When a pot is fired. It loses its water and can crack, so the potter added a temper to the clay, a substance that (10) Helped reduce shrinkage and cracking. Since surface finishes provided a pleasing appearance and also improved the durability In day-to-day use, the potter smoothed the exterior surface of the pot with wet hands. Often A wet clay solution, known as a slip, was applied to the smooth surface. Brightly colored Slips were often used and formed painted decorations on the vessel. In later times. glazes (15) came into use in some areas. A glaze is a form of slip that turns to a glasslike finish during high-temperature firing. When a slip was not applied, the vessel was allowed to dry slowly until the external surface was almost like leather in texture. It was then rubbed with a round stone or similar object to give it a shiny, hard surface. Some pots were adorned with incised or stamped decorations. (20) Most early pottery was then fired over open hearths. The vessels were covered with Fast-burning wood; as it burned, the ashes would all around the pots and bake them Evenly over a few hours. Far higher temperatures were attained in special ovens, known As kilns, which would not only bake the clay and remove its plasticity, but also dissolve Carbons and iron compounds. Kilns were also used for glazing, when two firings were Needed, Once fired, the pots were allowed to cool slowly, and small cracks were repaired Before they were ready for use.  | 
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发表于 2004-8-11 11:27:00
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