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Essay #9. 148 (22549-!-item-!-188;#058&00148-00)
In a new book about the antiparty feeling of the early political leadersof the United States, Ralph Ketcham argues that the first six Presidentsdiffered decisively from later Presidents because the first six held valuesinherited from the classical humanist tradition of eighteenth-century England.In this view, government was designed not to satisfy the private desires of thepeople but to make them better citizens; this tradition stressed thedisinterested devotion of political leaders to the public good. Justice, wisdom, and courage were moreimportant qualities in a leader than the ability to organize voters and winelections. Indeed, leaders were supposedto be called to office rather than to run for office. And if they took up the burdens of publicoffice with a sense of duty, leaders also believed that such offices werenaturally their due because of their social preeminence or their contributionsto the country. Given this classicalconception of leadership, it is not surprising that the first six Presidentscondemned political parties.  artieswere partial by definition, self-interested, and therefore serving somethingother than the transcendent public good.
Even during the first presidency (Washington's), however, the classicalconception of virtuous leadership was being undermined by commercial forcesthat had been gathering since at least the beginning of the eighteenthcentury. Commerce--its profit-making,its self-interestedness, its individualism--became the enemy of these classicalideals. Although Ketcham does notpicture the struggle in quite this way, he does rightly see Jackson's tenure(the seventh presidency) as the culmination of the acceptance of party,commerce, and individualism. For theJacksonians, nonpartisanship lost its relevance, and under the direction of VanBuren, party gained a new legitimacy. The classical ideals of the first six Presidents became identified witha privileged aristocracy, an aristocracy that had to be overcome in order toallow competition between opposing political interests. Ketcham is so strongly committed tojustifying the classical ideals, however, that he underestimates the advantagesof their decline. For example, theclassical conception of leadership was incompatible with our modern notion ofthe freedoms of speech and press, freedoms intimately associated with thelegitimacy of opposing political parties.
我想問的是第32題
Q32:
Which ofthe following, if true, provides the LEAST support for the author's argumentabout commerce and political parties during Jackson's presidency?
A. Many supporters of Jackson resisted thecommercialization that could result from participation in a national economy.
B. Protest against the corrupt and partisannature of political parties in the United States subsided during Jackson'spresidency.
C. During Jackson's presidency the use of moneybecame more common than bartering of goods and services.
D. More northerners than southerners supportedJackson because southerners were opposed to the development of a commercialeconomy.
E. Andrew Jackson did not feel as stronglycommitted to the classical ideals of leadership as George Washington had felt.
答案是A
可是我實在不知道答案該定位哪裡?
感覺其他選項 if true也不會支持到作者呀...
請各位NN幫個忙~ |
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发表于 2010-11-19 21:53:26
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