ChaseDream
搜索
返回列表 发新帖
查看: 2056|回复: 7
打印 上一主题 下一主题

AP鼠尾巴草,pubelo and songbird vocalizaiton

[精华] [复制链接]
楼主
发表于 2008-11-19 17:57:00 | 只看该作者

AP鼠尾巴草,pubelo and songbird vocalizaiton

Google了跟几篇阅读JJ相关的文章,不是原文,供大家分享,考试的时候能消化地快点儿....

一、AP鼠尾巴草

     A woodland林区 aroid天南星科 native of Italy & Spain, Mouse Plant, or Mouse Tail Plant (Arisarum proboscideum), is a small cousin远亲 to Jack-in-the-Pulpit印度天南星(植物名). It does well in dryish shade稍干阴凉处, though if the soil entirely dries out at any time in spring, it may go prematurely 过早的dormant休眠. Persistant moisture in extremely well-draining soil will suit it best. Its gorgeous green arrowhead leaves form a low, spreading carpet beginning late in winter. It would be a pretty plant even without flowers. But it is the strange flowers that lend it its name. The long tail on each fat little spathes lends the flowers the appearance of a family of mice, enhanced by the chocolate-maroon褐紫红色 coloration色彩 of the upper portion & tail. The lower portion of the spathe is white like a deermouse's belly鹿鼠的腹.  These flowers appear in mid to late April but are entirely hidden in the leaves, so that to appreciate the plant fully requires some interaction with the plant. If a gardener never thought to part the leaves, the flowers might well come & go never seen.I sometimes suspect our gardens are in places way too "introverted"内向的 rather than showy炫耀的, & visitors might not appreciate as much as we do such things mouse plants & asarums with interesting blooms invisible beneath leaves, or hellebores嚏根草 with their showiness completely facing the ground. Fortunately we're not alone in liking introverted things. When four of Granny Artemis's out-of-state relatives came to town in April, we were delighted that everyone got down on their knees to part the mouseplant's leaves & many oos & ahs were shared.For our two clumps树丛/灌木丛, the leaves are fully developed by the time the mice appear. In colder zones the leaves start later in the season, & the mice may appear before the leaves entirely hide them immediately, but the leaves will soon enshroud掩盖/遮蔽 the mouse family. These ultra-charming blooms are not quite entirely hidden because the tails make them six or seven inches long, so that either the maroon tail, or occasionally a portion of the main body of the mouse, will poke 伸出//out of the shiny green arrowhead foliage叶子. The mice are most numerous in April but may persist to the start of summer. The creeping
            
爬行的/匍匐的clump of leaves outlast
                
..长久the flowers by quite some while, but will be dying to the ground by August, sooner if its essential well-drained humousy soil
                
腐殖土completely dries out. Be sure to mark the location well in order to not accidentally dig them up while they are dormant.Hardy & easily grown, the main risk is excessive dampness湿气
                rotting腐败 the tubers
块茎, 球根 during autumn/winter dormancy. They do well in either sun or shade, but prefer bright shade. It grows from a tuber that develops rhizomes根茎;地下茎 which develop more tubers & offsets短匐茎, for a slowly expanding clump, never invasive扩散的 but may after many years need to be lifted & divided.I have wondered if this aroid shouldn't be regarded as partially carnivorous食肉的. The "tail" has a mushroom odor which is known to attract female fungus gnats as mouse tail pollinators. In the process the gnats lay their eggs in the mouse tail. These eggs hatch孵化 but the larvae幼虫 fail to develop, having no actual fungus to eat. Possibly the fly larvae, starving while in pursuit of food inside the spathe, are also needed for full pollination. If the mouse plant happens to gain any degree of nutrient from the eggs & the dead larvae, that would qualify as carnivorous behavior.But I've never seen this aspect of the Mouse Plant discussed in any detail, so perhaps it gets nothing from having the eggs left by its pollinator. I've wondered about this because it seems to me nothing is done for no reason by nature, & the Mouse Plant would seem to want those gnat eggs for some actual purpose. The reason the Mouse Plant blooms so early (sometimes ahead of its fully developed leaves) is it wants to get ahead of the actual mushrooms that will soon be attracting the same gnats. If not to any degree carniverous, the Mouse Plant is at least parasitic寄生的, in that it attracts pollinators it in no wise决不 provides an exchanged benefit.

沙发
 楼主| 发表于 2008-11-19 17:58:00 | 只看该作者

二、pueblo

Pueblo, name given by the Spanish to the sedentary原生的/定居的 Native Americans who lived in stone or adobe communal公有的/共用的houses in what is now the SW United States. The term pueblo is also used for the villages occupied by the Pueblo. Their prehistoric settlements, known as the Anasazi and Mogollon cultures, extended southward from S Utah and S Colorado into Arizona, New Mexico, and adjacent territory in Mexico. The transition from Archaic
            
古代的(see Americas, antiquity and prehistory of the) hunters and gatherers to sedentary agricultural populations occurred around the 1st cent. A.D., when corn玉米, squash,南瓜 and beans were widely adopted; the trio三个一组of foods is still used by the Pueblo. Although agriculture provided the bulk of the diet for these early populations, hunting and gathering was an important source of additional foodstuffs. Pottery陶器 manufacture began about A.D. 400 and was used for cooking and water storage. Clothing was woven from cotton, grown in warmer areas, and yucca
            
丝兰花fiber. Early houses among the Anasazi and Mogollon were pit地窖
            
houses, which were replaced by adobe and stone surface dwellings
住所 throughout the region by the end of the first millennium A.D.

 

Villages were variable in size and architectural content, but most included circular, often subterranean structures known as kivas (apparently a derivation of the pit house) and storage pits for grains. Prior to the 14th and 15th cent., densely settled villages were more the exception than the rule. Large pueblos were found at Chaco
                Canyon, dating to the 11th and early 12th cent., and at Mesa Verde, where multistoried cliff houses were inhabited in the 13th and 14th cent.; a great lunar observatory was built at Chimney Rock, S Colo., in the 11th cent. Changing climatic conditions forced the abandonment of much of the region by the early 14th cent., with populations migrating to their present-day locations in the Rio Grande valley and a few other isolated areas (e.g., the Hopi mesas).

 

Initial contact with European populations came in the 16th cent., when Spaniards entered the Rio Grande area. The seven Zuñi towns were reported by the Franciscan Marcos de Niza to be the fabulous Seven Cities of Cibola, leading to the first intensive contacts—a Spanish exploration party under Francisco Vásquez de Coronado in 1540. Due to increasing pressure on the existing food supplies, the initially friendly Pueblo became hostile and then revolted; their resistance ended in a mass execution of Native Americans by Coronado. In 1598 Juan de Oñate began full-scale missionary work and moved the provincial headquarters of the Spanish colonial government to Santa Fe. By 1630, 60,000 Pueblo had been converted to Christianity, and 90 villages had chapels,小教堂 according to Father de Benavides.

 

Determined to put an end to the suffering caused by their Spanish oppressors, the Pueblo staged a successful revolt in 1680. Popé, a medicine man, led a band of Pueblo who killed 380 settlers and 31 missionaries and forced the remaining Spaniards to retreat
            
撤退/退却to El Paso. However, the Pueblo lost 347 of their number in one attack on Santa Fe. Fearing Spanish reprisal报复, villages were abandoned for better fortified要塞/防御 sites. In 1692 De Vargas, with the cooperation of some Pueblo leaders, reconquered the Pueblo in New Mexico. The Western Pueblo, however, including the Hopi, remained independent.

 

The Pueblo have the oldest settlements N of Mexico, dating back 700 years for the still-occupied Hopi, Zuñi, and Acoma pueblos. The Europeans who settled in the Southwest adopted the adobe structures and compact village plans of the Pueblo. The Pueblo, for their part, adopted many domestic animals and assorted分类 crafts from the Old World, including blacksmithing and woodworking.

 

Among the modern Pueblo, men are the weavers and women make pottery and assist in house construction. The status of women among both the Western and the Eastern Pueblo is high, but there are differences related to the different social systems of each. The Western Pueblo, including the Hano, Zuñi, Acoma, Laguna, and, the best known, the Hopi, have exogamous异族结婚
            clans
氏族
            
with a matrilineal
母系的 emphasis and matrilocal居住在女方家
            
residence, and the houses and gardens are owned by women; the kachina
                cult emphasizes weather control, and the Pueblo who follow this cult are governed by a council of clan representatives. Among the Eastern Pueblo, there are bilateral extended families, patrilineal clans, and male-owned houses and land; warfare and hunting as well as healing
治疗 and exorcism驱魔术 are more important than among the Western Pueblo.

 

The Spanish added new elements to the government in the form of civil officers, but the de facto事实上的,in fact government and ceremonial organization remained native. The Bureau of Indian Affairs introduced elected officials in Santa Clara, Laguna, Zuñi, and Isleta, and the Hopi have an elected council on the tribal level. The Kachina and other secret societies dealing with war, agriculture, and healing still carry out their complicated rituals and dances: for some occasions, the public is invited. In 1990 there were some 55,000 Pueblo in the United States, the largest groups being the Hopi, Zuñi, Laguna, and Acoma.

 

板凳
 楼主| 发表于 2008-11-19 17:59:00 | 只看该作者

三、songbird vocalization

Research conducted at Rutgers University has shown that exposure to a changed acoustic 听觉的/声响的 and social environment can rewire 重新接线the way the brain processes sounds. Beginning in the cochlea
        
耳蜗of the inner ear, nerve cells of the auditory听觉的 system parse
            
分析/剖析incoming sounds into their different components. Study of the responses of individual brain cells has shown that they respond best to a particular frequency (pitch) of sound, less well to nearby frequencies, and poorly to distant sound frequencies. The range of effective frequencies can be measured as the "tuning width." Cells with similar tuning are found together, producing an orderly map of all the possible frequencies spread out across the auditory part of the brain. In a new study, published August 6 in the online, open-access journal PLoS ONE, these tuning properties were used to study the way experience can change the brain in two species of songbirds. Songbirds provide the best-developed animal system for studying vocal learning because juvenile年幼的 birds learn to sing by hearing and imitating adults, much as human infants do. The songbird brain contains an area similar to the mammalian哺乳动物的 auditory cortex
            
皮层(the NCM) that is specialized to discriminate区分 and remember the songs of other birds of the same species.

In this study, adult zebra finches (which normally live in a single-species colony) were moved to a canary金丝雀 colony, and adult canaries were moved to a zebra finch colony. These birds experienced a novel
        
新奇的environment because canaries and zebra finches produce learned species-typical vocalizations发声 that differ in their acoustic components. Other birds of each species remained in their home colony and still others were placed in individual isolation.

After nine days of altered experience, the tuning width was assessed in the brains of these animals and was found to be significantly different from birds that remained at home. In birds of both species that experienced life in a foreign colony, the tuning became narrower (i.e. more selective). In canaries, which can learn new song elements in adulthood, these effects were also influenced by season, and may reflect the role of vocal imitation in the seasonal breeding behavior of this species. Isolation had the opposite effect: the tuning became wider (i.e. less selective).

In other words, when a bird is exposed to a new acoustic and social environment, basic auditory properties in its brain change to become more finely tuned. In human terms, a possible analogy for this experiment is when a person travels to a foreign country where an unfamiliar language is spoken. The individual has to pay close attention and gradually begins to make out the words in the speech stream (and perhaps to recognize a few from the phrase book). This process of "tuning in" to the new sound and social environment may involve increased sensitivity to fine acoustic details and may produce measurable tuning changes such as those observed at the neural level in these songbirds. In contrast, the songbirds' tuning coarsened变粗糙 in the impoverished, 贫乏的monotonous 单调的environment provided by being housed in isolation. The researchers suggest that these songbird results provide a useful experimental model of sensory plasticity
            
可塑性accessibility可达性, which is worthy of further study. Consistent with observations in other sensory systems, the tuning map in the brain is not rigid, but adjusts dynamically to current experience.

地板
发表于 2008-11-19 18:35:00 | 只看该作者

金融危机下,鸡精才是最坚挺的,还免费!

谢谢!

祝LZ考试RP爆发,700+!

5#
发表于 2008-11-19 19:00:00 | 只看该作者
多谢啊!真是及时~~~
6#
发表于 2008-11-19 19:35:00 | 只看该作者
团结力量大!

这两天没什么新的阅读JJ哦。。。还有水星那道,看上去满复杂的。没google到什么好东东,有没有谁比我幸运?
7#
发表于 2008-11-19 22:37:00 | 只看该作者
感谢LZ
8#
发表于 2008-11-19 23:53:00 | 只看该作者

辛苦!谢谢分享!

考试顺利!

您需要登录后才可以回帖 登录 | 立即注册

Mark一下! 看一下! 顶楼主! 感谢分享! 快速回复:

手机版|ChaseDream|GMT+8, 2025-7-28 14:09
京公网安备11010202008513号 京ICP证101109号 京ICP备12012021号

ChaseDream 论坛

© 2003-2025 ChaseDream.com. All Rights Reserved.

返回顶部