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Second paragraph, the critics mention that actually these Japenese companies do not apply innovation system as the usual, but instead they only apply some rigorous procedures which ensure their high productivity.

Third paragraph, the author points out that both supporters and critics are wrong. The Japenese companies are in the middle places of the two.

One question on main idea. One on critics part.

考了很长的。是关于小日本system model比较的。

第一段：说小日本和美国的经济啥的比较，然后有个人说成功是因为啥，blabla一通过解释，不记了

 第二段：有个人出来说，这不对的，不是这个原因，，

 第三段：这段highlight了，问这段作用,第一句话,it more likely lack啥的（有题问这段作用,）就是说接着第二段继续解释为什么不对，，这段很重要，有3题，作都态度也在里面，定位在未尾。未尾作者说（not only ….but also….）有work sills, producdity,什么什么，，这地方考了类比题总面言之，最后一段最重要

1.        T-3-Q9-Q12 N-6-Q7-Q10美国企业迷信日本企业成功秘密在于“战略伙伴关系”的谬误

In recent years, Western

business managers have been
            

heeding the exhortations of busi-

Line
                             ness journalists and academics

(5)                 to move their companies toward

long-term, collaborative “strategic

partnerships” with their external

business partners (e.g., suppliers).

The experts’ advice comes as

(10)               a natural reaction to numerous

studies conducted during the past

decade that compared Japanese

production and supply practices

with those of the rest of the world.

(15)
                              The link between the success of

a certain well-known Japanese

automaker and its effective

management of its suppliers, for

example, has led to an unques-

(20)               tioning belief within Western

management circles in the value

of strategic partnerships. Indeed,

in the automobile sector all three

United States manufacturers and

(25)               Most of their European competitiors

Have launched programs to reduce

Their total number of suppliers and

Move toward having strategic

Partnerships with a few.

(30)                      However,
                new research con-

cerning supplier relationships in

various industries demonstrates

that the widespread assumption of

Western managers and business

(35)               consultants that Japanese firms

manage their suppliers primarily

through strategic partnerships is

unjustified. Not only do Japanese

firms appear to conduct a far

(40)               smaller proportion of their busi-

ness through strategic partnerships

than is commonly believed, but

they also make extensive use of

“market-exchange” relationships,

(45)               in which either party can turn to

the marketplace and shift to dif-

ferent business partners at will,

a practice usually associated

with Western manufacturers.

T-3-Q9 N-6-Q7

The passage is primarily concerned with

1. examining economic factors that may have contributed to the success of certain Japanese companies
2. discussing the relative merits of strategic partnerships as compared with those of market-exchange relationship
3. challenging the validity of a widely held assumption about how Japanese firms operate

4. explaining why Western companies have been slow to adopt a particular practice favored by Japanese companies
5. pointing out certain differences between Japanese and Western supplier relationships

T-3-Q10 N-6-Q8

According to the passage, the advice referred to in line 9 was a response to which of the following?

1. A recent decrease in the number of available suppliers within the United States automobile industry
2. A debate within Western management circles during the past decade regarding the value of strategic partnerships
3. The success of certain European automobile manufactures that have adopted strategic partnerships
4. An increase in demand over the past decade for automobiles made by Western manufacturers
5. Research comparing Japanese business practices with those of other nations

The experts’ advice comes as a natural reaction to numerous studies conducted during the past decade that compared Japanese production and supply practices with those of the rest of the world.

T-3-Q11 N-6-Q9

The author mentions “the success of a certain well-known Japanese automaker” (lines 15-17) most probably in order to

1. demonstrate some of the possible reasons for the success of a certain business practice
2. cite a specific case that has convinced Western business experts of the value of a certain business practice

3. describe specific steps taken by Western automakers that have enabled them to compete more successfully in a global market
4. introduce a paradox about the effect of a certain business practice in Japan
5. indicate the need for Western managers to change their relationships with their external business partners

T-3-Q12 N-6-Q10

Which of the following is most clearly an example of the practice referred to in lines 38-49 of the passage?

1. A department store chain that employs a single buyer to procure all the small appliances to be sold in its stores.
2. An automobile manufacture that has used the same supplier of a particular axle component for several years in a row.
3. A hospital that contracts only with union personnel to staff its nonmedical positions.
4. A municipal government that decides to cancel its contract with a waste disposal company and instead hire its own staff to perform that function.
5. A corporation that changes the food-service supplier for its corporate headquarters several times over a five-year period as part of a cost-cutting campaign.

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