[求助]GWD22-27,28

Q25 to Q28:

      Jon Clark’s study of the effect of

        the modernization of a telephone

        exchange on exchange maintenance

Line  work and workers is a solid contribution

  (5)  to a debate that encompasses two

lively issues in the history and sociol-

ogy of technology:  technological

determinism and social constructivism.

Clark makes the point that the char-

 (10)  acteristics of a technology have a

decisive influence on job skills and

work organization.  Put more strongly,

technology can be a primary determi-

nant of social and managerial organ-

 (15)  ization.  Clark believes this possibility

has been obscured by the recent soci-

ological fashion, exemplified by

Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes

the way machinery reflects social

 (20)  choices.  For Braverman, the shape of

        a technological system is subordinate

        to the manager’s desire to wrest con-

trol of the labor process from the

workers.  Technological change is

 (25)  construed as the outcome of negoti-

ations among interested parties who

seek to incorporate their own interests

into the design and configuration of the

machinery.  This position represents

 (30)  the new mainstream called social con-

structivism.

      The constructivists gain acceptance

        by misrepresenting technological deter-

minism:  technological determinists are

 (35) supposed to believe, for example, that

machinery imposes appropriate forms

of order on society.  The alternative to

constructivism, in other words, is to

       view technology as existing outside

 (40) society, capable of directly influencing

skills and work organization.

      Clark refutes the extremes of the

constructivists by both theoretical and

empirical arguments.  Theoretically he

 (45)  defines “technology” in terms of rela-

tionships between social and technical

variables.  Attempts to reduce the

meaning of technology to cold, hard

metal are bound to fail, for machinery

 (50)  is just scrap unless it is organized

functionally and supported by approp-

riate systems of operation and main-

tenance.  At the empirical level Clark

shows how a change at the telephone

 (55)  exchange from maintenance-intensive

electromechanical switches to semi-

electronic switching systems altered

work tasks, skills, training opportuni-

ties, administration, and organization of

 (60)  workers.  Some changes Clark attrib-

utes to the particular way management

and labor unions negotiated the intro-

duction of the technology, whereas

others are seen as arising from the

 (65)  capabilities and nature of the technol-

ogy itself.  Thus Clark helps answer

the question:  “When is social choice

decisive and when are the concrete

characteristics of technology more

important?”

The information in the passage suggests that Clark believes that which of the following would be true if social constructivism had not gained widespread acceptance?

1. Businesses would be more likely to modernize without considering the social consequences of their actions.

2. There would be greater understanding of the role played by technology in producing social change.

3. Businesses would be less likely to understand the attitudes of employees affected by modernization.

4. Modernization would have occurred at a slower rate.

5. Technology would have played a greater part in determining the role of business in society.

Answer:

答案是B ，我选了A。想不通。

The author of the passage uses the expression “are supposed to” in lines 34-35 primarily in order to

1. suggest that a contention made by constructivists regarding determinists is inaccurate

2. define the generally accepted position of determinists regarding the implementation of technology

3. engage in speculation about the motivations of determinists

4. lend support to a comment critical of the position of determinists

5. contrast the historical position of determinists with their position regarding the exchange modernization

答案是C，为什么。我选了A

实在想不通，请大家帮忙解答一下。

26题 The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting the technological determinism. 如果没有acceptance,就没有misrepresenting,当然就是greater understanding啦.

27题 但我的答案给的B.我觉得这个观点说的很隐晦,be supposed to这里应该是指social观点反驳technological观点的理由，应该和上句联系,即gain acceptance by...然后举了个例子说这个suppose,看来应该是B,就是说social misrepresent的观点让大家都承认了.