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Hi 大家好，閱讀打卡第十天。
Materials/sources: OG2020
Passage:
Researchers studying how genes control animal behavior have had to deal with many uncertainties. In the first place, most behaviors are governed by more than one gene, and until recently geneticists had no method for identifying the multiple genes involved. In addition, even when a single gene is found to control a behavior, researchers in different fields do not necessarily agree that it is a “behavioral gene.” Neuroscientists, whose interest in genetic research is to understand the nervous system (which generates behavior), define the term broadly. But ethologists—specialists in animal behavior—are interested in evolution, so they define the term narrowly. They insist that mutations in a behavioral gene must alter a specific normal behavior and not merely make the organism ill,so that the genetically induced behavioral change will provide variation that natural selection can act upon, possibly leading to the evolution of a new species. For example, in the fruit fly, researchers have identified the gene Shaker, mutations in which cause flies to shake violently under anesthesia. Since shaking is not healthy, ethologists do not consider Shaker a behavioral gene. In contrast, ethologists do consider the gene period (per), which controls the fruit fly's circadian (24-hour) rhythm, a behavioral gene because flies with mutated per genes are healthy; they simply have different rhythms.
簡化/思路:
Researchers studying how genes control animal behavio r have had to deal with many uncertainties. (名詞解釋: 哪些學家, 面對uncertainties <應該之後會講這個uncertainties>)
In the first place, most behaviors are governed by more than one gene, and until recently geneticists had no method for identifying the multiple genes involved. (第一個uncertainties <沒辦法去認定全部干涉行為的基因>; 這句話的目的是寫出uncertainties)
In addition, even when a single gene is found to control a behavior, researchers in different fields do not necessarily agree that it is a “behavioral gene.” (第二個uncertainties <不同領域間對於認定有不同的看法>)
Neuroscientists, whose interest in genetic research is to understand the nervous system (which generates behavior), define the term broadly. But ethologists—specialists in animal behavior—are interested in evolution, so they define the term narrowly (進一步用這句話說明上一句; 誰...如何認定; 有個contrast broadly versus narrowly.)
They insist that mutations in a behavioral gene must alter a specific normal behavior and not merely make the organism ill, so that the genetically induced behavioral change will provide variation that natural selection can act upon, possibly leading to the evolution of a new species. (why ethologists define the term narrowly - 原因; 主要是在解釋上一段的contrast )
For example, in the fruit fly, researchers have identified the gene Shaker, mutations in which cause flies to shake violently under anesthesia. Since shaking is not healthy, ethologists do not consider Shaker a behavioral gene. In contrast, ethologists do consider the gene period (per), which controls the fruit fly's circadian (24-hour) rhythm, a behavioral gene because flies with mutated per genes are healthy; they simply have different rhythms. (給出具題例子"do not merely make the organism ill"; shaking = not healthy versus gene period = healthy.)
段落總結:
先引出一個情況(Researchers studying how genes control animal behavior have had to deal with many uncertainties) -> 介紹uncertainties -> (實例舉證)
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. summarize findings in an area of research
B. discuss different perspectives on a scientific question (正確; 這個scientific question就是: how genes control animal behavior)
C. outline the major questions in a scientific discipline (個人覺得major說的不對, 不知道這個問題是不是在這個gene discipline裡面是major question. 作者/文本確實outline一個問題)
D. illustrate the usefulness of investigating a research topic
E. reconcile differences between two definitions of a term
2. The passage suggests that neuroscientists would most likely consider Shaker to be which of the following?
A. An example of a behavioral gene (在介紹neuroscientist的時候有說到, 只要能夠產生行為的基因, 他們覺得都是 behavioral gene - Neuroscientists, whose interest in genetic research is to understand the nervous system (which generates behavior), define the term broadly> )
B. One of multiple genes that control a single behavior
C. A gene that, when mutated, causes an alteration in a specific normal behavior without making the organism ill
D. A gene of interest to ethologists but of no interest to neuroscientists
E. A poor source of information about the nervous system
3. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following, if true, would be most likely to influence ethologists' opinions about whether a particular gene in a species is a behavioral gene?
A. The gene is found only in that species.
B. The gene is extremely difficult to identify.
C. The only effect of mutations in the gene is to make the organism ill. (定位: They insist that mutations in a behavioral gene must alter a specific normal behavior and not merely make the organism ill,)
D. Neuroscientists consider the gene to be a behavioral gene.
E. Geneticists consider the gene to be a behavioral gene.
(我把這題想成我把這題想成assumption question: ethologists的假設應為: 除了這兩點以外，沒有其他東西會影響behavioral基因了. C選項說, Ethologist的假設不對, behavioral gene只會讓organism ill.)
以上心得，有想法的大大們，還請不吝分享。 謝謝！
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发表于 2022-3-17 07:19:02
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