OG2020每日閱讀訓練練習D9

Pistachio_lin · 发表于 2022-3-16 09:42:25

Hi 大家好, 閱讀打卡訓練第八天。

Materals/sources: OG2020

Passage:

   Determining whether a given population of animals constitutes a distinct species can be difficult because no single accepted definition of the term exists. One approach, called the biological species concept, bases the definition on reproductive compatibility. According to this view, a species is a group of animals that can mate with one another to produce fertile offspring but cannot mate successfully with members of a different group. Yet this idea can be too restrictive.    First, mating between groups labeled as different species (hybridization), as often occurs in the canine family, is quite common in nature. Second, sometimes the differences between two populations might not prevent them from interbreeding, even though they are dissimilar in traits unrelated to reproduction; some biologists question whether such disparate groups should be considered a single species. A third problem with the biological species concept is that investigators cannot always determine whether two    groups that live in different places are capable of interbreeding.

When the biological species concept is difficult to apply, some investigators use phenotype, an organism's observable characteristics, instead. Two groups that have evolved separately are likely to display measurable differences in many of their traits, such as skull size or width of teeth. If the distribution of measurements from one group does not overlap with those of another, the two groups might reasonably be considered distinct species.

簡化/思路:    Determining whether a given population of animals constitutes a distinct species can be difficult because no single accepted definition of the term exists. One approach, called the biological species concept , bases the definition on reproductive compatibility.

(有個contrast. 先說這一種事沒有一種公認的定義存在，後面引入了一種認定方法; 第一句話目的先表明一種情況，在這情況下有一種方法存在) According to this view, a species is a group of animals that can mate with one another to produce fertile offspring but cannot mate successfully with members of a different group. Yet this idea can be too restrictive. (constitutes a distinct species <- 引入了biological species = can mate to produce fertile offspring but cannot mate...; 先說明這個biological species的內容，後面說這句話這個方法排除性很強; 又有一個轉折) First, mating between groups labeled as different species (hybridization), as often occurs in the canine family, is quite common in nature

. Second, sometimes the differences between two populations might not prevent them from interbreeding, even though they are dissimilar in traits unrelated to reproduction; some biologists question whether such disparate groups should be considered a single species. A third problem with the biological species concept is that investigators cannot always determine whether two    groups that live in different places    are capable of interbreeding. (details說明為什麼這個biological species concept is too restrictive. 1) mating amongst different species is quite common; 2) interbreeding is still possible given that difference between two population - 後面又說明生理特徵上的差異並不能阻止他們交配; 3) 不知道兩組有差異的物種是不是可以彼此交配; 先暫停一下想一下: 前面說"can mate but cannot mate successfully".. 第一點說: can mate, 第二點也說can mate, 第三點不知道他們是不是can not mate.)

When the biological species concept is difficult to apply, some investigators use phenotype, an organism's observable characteristics, instead. (介紹第二種方法，以及在什麼情況下使用)

Two groups that have evolved separately are likely to display measurable differences in many of their traits, such as skull size or width of teeth. If the distribution of measurements from one group does not overlap with those of another, the two groups might reasonably be considered distinct species. (為什麼這樣的方法能有效)

段落總結:
第一段: 引入一種情況(沒有公認的定義去決定一群動物是不是就是一群跟其他動物是不一樣的), 並介紹一種在這種情況下能使用的方法。
第二段:  介紹第二種方法，在第一種方法不好使用的情況下去使用這方法。

1. The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) describing the development of the biological species concept
(B) responding to a critique of reproductive compatibility as a criterion for defining a species
(C) considering two different approaches to identifying biological species (同大意分析)
(D) pointing out the advantage of one method of distinguishing related species
(E) identifying an obstacle to the classification of biological species

2. The author of the passage mentions “ groups that live in different places ” (in line 21) most probably in order to

(A) point out a theoretical inconsistency in the biological species concept
(B) offer evidence in support of the biological species concept
(C) identify an obstacle to the application of the biological species concept (在列舉這三點之前，作者說了這個方法too restrictive, 後面這三點都是在講這個too restrictive.)
(D) note an instance in which phenotype classification is customarily used
(E) describe an alternative to the biological species concept

3. With which of the following statements regarding the classification of individual species would the author most likely agree.
(A) Phenotype comparison may help to classify species when application of the biological species concept proves inconclusive. (我覺得定位詞difficult ot apply不是真正決定這題的答案; 看了一些人的分享. 我覺得是在解釋too restrictive的時候，只要那三點之中的一點發生了，都會讓這個biological species concept得不到期望的結論，所以當這樣的情形發生時，可以使用這個phenotype)
(B) Because no standard definition exists for what constitutes a species, the classification of animal populations is inevitably an arbitrary process.
(C) The criteria used by biologists to classify species have not been based on adequate research.
(D) The existence of hybrids in wild animal species is the chief factor casting doubt on the usefulness of research into reproductive compatibility as a way of classifying species. (超強幹擾項, 作者並沒有說這個因素是chief factor. 只有說是其中一個。在各個因素之中的影響程度並沒有被說明)
(E) Phenotype overlap should be used as the basic criterion for standardizing species classification.

4. Which of the following best describes the function of lines 10-13 [ First, mating between groups labeled as different species (hybridization), as often occurs in the canine family, is quite common in nature. ]? (A) It elaborates the definition of the biological species concept given in a previous sentence.

(沒有更詳細的去說明biological species concept, 而是質疑了, 說明他的不足)
(B) It develops a point about the biological species concept made in the previous sentence. (同分析，這三點用來解釋"too restrictive")
(C) It states the author's central point about the biological species concept. (我覺得一句應該是在說明too restrictive, 而非10-13行說明the flaw of this theory. author覺得這個biology species concept is too restrictive. -> 後面三行來分別解釋他的概念)
(D) It identifies a central assumption underlying the biological species concept.
(E) It demonstrates why the biological species concept is invalid. (同C選項, 但這裡沒說這個concpet invalid, 只能說他有缺陷, <也因為有缺陷, 所以才會在無法使用這個方法得到結論的時候，而轉向Phenotype>)

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所属分类: GMAT考试

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