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Hi 大家好，閱讀打卡訓練第八天。
Materials/sources: OG2020.
Passage:
Exactly when in the early modern era Native
Americans began exchanging animal furs with
Europeans for European-made goods is uncertain.
What is fairly certain, even though they left
(5)
no written evidence of having done so, is that
the first Europeans to conduct such trade during
the modern period were fishing crews working the
waters around Newfoundland. Archaeologists had
noticed that sixteenth-century Native American
(10)
sites were strewn with iron bolts and metal
pins. Only later, upon reading Nicolas Denys’s
1672 account of seventeenth-century European
settlements in North America, did archaeologists
realize that sixteenth-century European fishing
(15)
crews had dismantled and exchanged parts of their
ships for furs.
By the time Europeans sailing the Atlantic coast
of North America first documented the fur trade, it
was apparently well underway. The first to record
(20)
such trade—the captain of a Portuguese vessel
sailing from Newfoundland in 1501—observed that a
Native American aboard the ship wore Venetian silver
earrings. Another early chronicler noted in 1524 that
Native Americans living along the coast of what is now
(25)
New England had become selective about European
trade goods: they accepted only knives, fishhooks,
and sharp metal. By the time Cartier sailed the Saint
Lawrence River ten years later, Native Americans had
traded with Europeans for more than thirty years,
(30)簡化/思路
Exactly when in the early modern era Native Americans began exchanging animal furs with Europeans for European-made goods is uncertain. What is fairly certain, even though they left no written evidence of having done so, is that the first Europeans to conduct such trade during the modern period were fishing crews working the waters around Newfoundland. (第一句話就出現考點 - 先表明 uncertain versus certain -> uncertain <time of the 1st trade; no written evidence> versus certain <who conducted trade>; 大概會在描述為什麼已知，為什麼未知，或是從未知變成已知)
Archaeologists had noticed that sixteenth-century Native American sites were strewn with iron bolts and metal pins. Only later, upon reading Nicolas Denys’s 1672 account of seventeenth-century European settlements in North America, did archaeologists realize that sixteenth-century European fishing crews had dismantled and exchanged parts of their ships for furs. (為什麼寫這句話？上一句說知道fishing crew <certain的已知>; 這句話解釋為什麼知道是fishing crew; 1) noticed physical evidence -> 2) referring to an account of settlement and then realizing; iron bolts and metal pins = dismantled parts of ships for furs exchange)
By the time Europeans sailing the Atlantic coast of North America first documented the fur trade, it was apparently well underway. (要說明的是，即便沒有紀錄，fur trade已經是進行得很好了)
The first to record such trade—the captain of a Portuguese vessel sailing from Newfoundland in 1501—observed that a Native American aboard the ship wore Venetian silver earrings. Another early chronicler noted in 1524 that Native Americans living along the coast of what is now New England had become selective about European trade goods: they accepted only knives, fishhooks, and sharp metal. By the time Cartier sailed the Saint Lawrence River ten years later, Native Americans had traded with Europeans for more than thirty years, perhaps half a century. (接下來的段落都在說明早在fur trade被記錄之前，其實已經蓬勃興旺發展了。第一筆紀錄 <NA帶著silver earrings> -> 第二筆紀錄 <selective about trade goods>)
總結:
第一段:先說明 uncertain versus certain - 1st的交易未知 & 知道是誰進行了交易
第二段: 說明這樣的交易在被記錄前，已經蓬勃發展了。 1501 -> 1524. (YYYY)
1. The author of the passage draws conclusions about the fur trade in North America from all of the following sources EXCEPT
(這題具體在問的應該是: 作者從哪一些資源裡面的找出有交易的結論)
A. Cartier’s accounts of trading with Native Americans (只說明了在這之前或許有，在這裡講的只有cartier的出航，但是沒有提到具體的交易)
B. a seventeenth-century account of European settlements (Nicolas Denys's 1672 account of seventeenth-century European settlement)
C. a sixteenth-century account written by a sailing vessel captain (the captain of a Portuguese vessel sailing from Newfoundland in 1501)
D. archaeological observations of sixteenth-century Native American sites (Archaeologists had noticed that sixteenth-century Native American sites were strewn with iron bolts and metal pins.)
E. a sixteenth-century account of Native Americans in what is now New England (the coast of what is now New England had become selective about European trade goods)
2. The passage suggests that which of the following is partially responsible for the difficulty in establishing the precise date when the fur trade in North America began?
A. A lack of written accounts before that of Nicolas Denys in 1672
B. A lack of written documentation before 1501 (第一段說什麼時候開始是uncertain, 因為沒有written evidence, 後面第二段說第一筆紀錄是在1501年, 可以推斷說在1501年以前沒有紀錄，從而導致具體的時間仍然未知)
C. Ambiguities in the evidence from Native American sources
D. Uncertainty about Native American trade networks
E. Uncertainty about the origin of artifacts supposedly traded by European fishing crews for furs
3. Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the author’s assertion in the first sentence of the second paragraph?
(作者說fur trade已經蓬勃發展, 要找一個可以證明這件事情的概念)
A. When Europeans retraced Cartier’s voyage in the first years of the seventeenth century, they frequently traded with Native Americans.
B. Furs from beavers, which were plentiful in North America but nearly extinct in Europe, became extremely fashionable in Europe in the final decades of the sixteenth century.
C. Firing arms were rarely found on sixteenth-century Native American sites or on European lists of trading goods since such arms required frequent maintenance and repair.
D. Europeans and Native Americans had established trade protocols, such as body language assuring one another of their peaceful intentions, that antedate the earliest records of trade. (這個選項說明了這一點，有條約的建立，這個條約能追溯到最早的交易)
E. During the first quarter of the sixteenth century, an Italian explorer recorded seeing many Native Americans with what appeared to be copper beads, though they may have been made of indigenous copper.
4. Which of the following best describes the primary function of lines 11–16?
A. It offers a reconsideration of a claim made in the preceding sentence.
B. It reveals how archaeologists arrived at an interpretation of the evidence mentioned in the preceding sentence. (上一句先講了有一些physical parts; 後面透過 someone's account去理解這些parts實際代表什麼)
C. It shows how scholars misinterpreted the significance of certain evidence mentioned in the preceding sentence.
D. It identifies one of the first significant accounts of seventeenth-century European settlements in North America.
E. It explains why Denys’s account of seventeenth-century European settlements is thought to be significant.
5. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would agree with which of the following statements about the fur trade between Native Americans and Europeans in the early modern era?
A. This trade may have begun as early as the 1480s. (在最後一段說, 在1524後十年, Cartier駛出前，fur trade或許已經進行了超過三十年，或甚至是五十年)
B. This trade probably did not continue much beyond the 1530s.
C. This trade was most likely at its peak in the mid-1520s.
D. This trade probably did not begin prior to 1500.
E. There is no written evidence of this trade prior to the seventeenth century.
6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the Native Americans mentioned in line 25?
A. They had little use for decorative objects such as earrings.
B. They became increasingly dependent on fishing between 1501 and 1524.
C. By 1524, only certain groups of Europeans were willing to trade with them.
D. The selectivity of their trading choices made it difficult for them to engage in widespread trade with Europeans.
E. The selectivity of their trading choices indicates that they had been trading with Europeans for a significant period of time prior to 1524. (這一段是在說the trade was well underway. 後面舉例兩個例子，說明這個trade子已經蓬勃發展)
7. The passage supports which of the following statements about sixteenth-century European fishing crews working the waters off Newfoundland?
A. They wrote no accounts of their fishing voyages.
B. They primarily sailed under the flag of Portugal.
C. They exchanged ship parts with Native Americans for furs. (定位upon reading Nicolas Denys’s 1672 account of seventeenth-century European settlements in North America)
D. They commonly traded jewelry with Native Americans for furs.
E. They carried surplus metal implements to trade with Native Americans for furs.
8. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about evidence pertaining to the fur trade between Native Americans and Europeans in the early modern era?
A. A lack of written evidence has made it difficult to establish which Europeans first participated in this trade. (他們有定位出哪一些Europeans開始參與這些交易)
B. In general, the physical evidence pertaining to this trade has been more useful than the written evidence has been.
C. There is more written evidence pertaining to this trade from the early part of the sixteenth century than from later in that century.
D. The earliest written evidence pertaining to this trade dates from a time when the trade was already well established. (雖然最早的是什麼時候開始的紀錄無從得知，但是有寫下來的紀錄存的於這樣的交易已經是well underway了; 定位第二段第一句)
E. Some important pieces of evidence pertaining to this trade, such as Denys’s 1672 account, were long overlooked by archaeologists.
9. The passage suggests which of the following about the sixteenth-century Native Americans who traded with Europeans on the coast of what is now called New England?
A. By 1524 they had become accustomed to exchanging goods with Europeans. (第二段說明這樣的交易已經是underway, 再加上他們還會選擇性地要某一些東西，說明他們已經很習慣這樣的交易)
B. They were unfamiliar with metals before encountering Europeans.
C. They had no practical uses for European goods other than metals and metal implements.
D. By 1524 they had become disdainful of European traders because such traders had treated them unfairly in the past.
E. By 1524 they demanded only the most prized European goods because they had come to realize how valuable furs were on European markets.
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发表于 2022-3-15 10:20:40
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