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og-35的两道题目，偶看了解释，还是很糊涂，请nn解释一下，谢谢。
Two divergent definitions have dominated sociologists’>>
discussions of the nature of ethnicity. The first emphasizes>>
the primordial and unchanging character of ethnicity. In>>
this view, people have an essential need for belonging that>>
(5) is satisfied by membership in groups based on shared>>
ancestry and culture. A different conception of ethnicity
de-emphasizes the cultural component and defines ethnic
groups as interest groups. In this view, ethnicity serves as
a way of mobilizing a certain population behind issues
(10) relating to its economic position. While both of these
definitions are useful, neither fully captures the dynamic
and changing aspects of ethnicity in the United States.
Rather, ethnicity is more satisfactorily conceived of as a
process in which preexisting communal bonds and common
(15) cultural attributes are adapted for instrumental purposes
according to changing real-life situations.
One example of this process is the rise of participation
by Native American people in the broader United States
political system since the Civil Rights movement of the
(20)1960’s. Besides leading Native Americans to participate
more actively in politics (the number of Native American
legislative officeholders more than doubled), this movement
also evoked increased interest in tribal history and traditional
culture. Cultural and instrumental components of
(25 )ethnicity are not mutually exclusive, but rather reinforce
one another.
The Civil Rights movement also brought changes in the
uses to which ethnicity was put by Mexican American
people. In the 1960’s, Mexican Americans formed
(30) community-based political groups that emphasized ancestral
heritage as a way of mobilizing constituents. Such emerg-
ing issues as immigration and voting rights gave Mexican
American advocacy groups the means by which to promote
ethnic solidarity. Like European ethnic groups in the
(35) nineteenth-century United States, late-twentieth-century
Mexican American leaders combined ethnic with contem-
porary civic symbols. In 1968 Henry Censors, then mayor
of San Antonio, Texas, cited Mexican leader Benito Juarez
as a model for Mexican Americans in their fight for con-
(40) temporary civil rights. And every year, Mexican Americans
celebrate Cinco de Mayo as fervently as many Irish
American people embrace St. Patrick’s Day (both are major
holidays in the countries of origin), with both holidays
having been reinvented in the context of the United States
and linked to ideals, symbols, and heroes of the United
States.
220. The author of the passage refers to Native American people in the second paragraph in order to provide an example of
(A) the ability of membership in groups based on shared ancestry and culture to satisfy an essential human need.
(B) how ethnic feelings have both motivated and been strengthened by political activity
(C) how the Civil Rights movement can help promote solidarity among United States ethnic groups
(D) how participation in the political system has helped to improve a group’s economic situation
(E) the benefits gained from renewed study of ethnic history and culture
This question asks you to determine why the author uses the actions of Native American people as an example. To answer it, you must decide what the phrase “this process” in line 17 means.
· The best answer is B because the “process” of ethnicity mentioned in line 17 is described generally in the first paragraph. The reference to Native American people provides a specific example, in terms of political activity, of that process. Specifically, in lines 20-24, the author states that Native Americans’ political activities, which were inspired by the Civil Rights movement, have in turn increased interest in Native American history and culture.
· Choice A can be eliminated because the discussion of Native American people is not concerned with the concept of essential human need, which is mentioned in the first paragraph in the first definition of ethnicity.
· Choice C can be eliminated because the Civil Rights movements is mentioned in the second paragraph because of its encouragement of Native American participation in politics, rather than its promoting of solidarity among groups.
· Both D and E are incorrect because no mention is made of improvement in Native Americans’ economic situation or of the benefits gained from studying ethnic history and culture.
221. The passage supports which of the following statements about the Mexican American
community?
(A) In the 1960’s the Mexican American community began to incorporate the customs of
another ethnic group in the United States into the observation of its own ethnic holidays.
(B) In the 1960’s Mexican American community groups promoted ethnic solidarity primarily in
order to effect economic change
(C) In the 1960’s leader of the Mexican American community concentrated their efforts on
promoting a renaissance of ethnic history and culture
(D) In the 1960’s members of the Mexican American community were becoming increasingly
concerned about the issue of voting rights.
(E) In the 1960’s the Mexican American community had greater success in mobilizing
constituents than did other ethnic groups in the United States.
Since the question asks which statement is supported by the passage, you must read the information about the Mexican American community in order to answer.
· The best answer is D because voting rights is characterized as an emerging issue –an issue of increasing concern.
· Choice A can be eliminated because Cinco de Mayo and other ethnic holidays are not characterized as having been combined. Choice B can be eliminated because no mention is made of economic change as a motivation for ethnic solidarity.
· Choice C is incorrect because the passage suggests that ethnic history and culture were not ends in themselves but were used to promote political ends.
· Choice E is incorrect also because the Mexican American community is not characterized as more successful than other ethnic groups.
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发表于 2005-7-1 00:26:00
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