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25、流派诗人
　　V1:by wulala1990
　　最长的一篇是说一个叫R...off的人，写了一部Testimony的诗集
　　第一段是说，这个诗集是由Objective Press出版的，这个人支持objectism还是objectism支持他。与objectism持不同意见的是romantic学派。区别在于O认为详细的描述是好的，R认为transcend emotions by symbols是好的
　　第二段说这个人死了之后又出版了两本著作。
　　第三段说他的观点对law,法庭上的辩护，public speech都有很大影响。
　　问题有一个是类比，说R和shelly(一个romantic学派的人)的关系最类似于以下哪两个人的关系?
　　primary purpose
　　V2: by cynthia628 Q51,V33
　　一篇关于Testimony的诗歌的文章：
　　只记得第一段了：Testimony是一部诗集还是一首诗来着，是XXX写的(具体人名记不清了)，属于Objectivism的风格，注重真实反映。然后与Romanticism的代表人物Wordsworth(华兹华斯)Shelley(雪莱，就是那个写“冬天来了，春天还会远吗?"的那个英国诗人)的作品风格进行了对比。这篇文章很长。
　　考古：by XYXB
　　原文：
　　The first installment of Testimony was published in 1934 by the Objectivist Press, which had been started several years earlier to promote the views of poets including William Carlos Williams, Louis Zuk of sky, George Oppen, and Reznikoff himself .They were believers in Objectivism, a short-lived but still influential offshoot of poetic Modernism, the early 20th-century assault by T. S. Eliot,Ezra Pound, and others on the Enlightenment-influenced poetics of their predecessors. For the Objectivists, the poem was an object, not a report by the poet of what he or she thought or felt. They rejected the emphasis by19th-century Romantic poets like Wordsworth and Shelley on the poet's subjective experience of transcendent meaning as depicted through metaphor and symbol. (The title and opening line of Wordsworth's well-known poem about daffodils, "I wandered lonely as a cloud," is a good example of the tendencies that the Objectivists judged artificial and misleading.) The Objectivists believed that feeling and emotion should come through the choice of details and the sound and appearance of words on the page.
　　Reznikoff continued to work on Testimony throughout his life. In the 1960s, he published two new volumes (the first drawn from judicial opinions of 1885-1890, thesecond from opinions of 1891-1900); two additional volumes (1901-1910 and1911-1915) were published after his death. In each of the later volumes ,Reznikoff revised his art, reshaping the documentary material into syncopated lines of poetry.
　　The Negro was dead/when the doctors examined him," a characteristic poem begins: They found upon his belly bruises: he died, the doctors said, of peritonitis.
　　While the shift in form draws even more attention to the language (as in the isolation of "bruises" in the lines just quoted), the later editions employ thes ame third-person perspective, looking to the objective language of a judicial opinion, the words as words, rather than subjective experience or metaphor, for the emotional intensity of the poem. With its use of judicial opinions as the raw material of poetry, Testimony radically undercuts the traditional assumption that the poet works in a private sphere that is somehow separate from the pressures and pulls of the public domain. Not only is the poem an object, but it is an object taken from the workaday world that poets traditionally have viewed as unsuitable for poetry. Testimony never lets us forget that it is judicial opinions the poet is expounding.
　　Reznikoff's most important innovation and chief legacy to subsequent poets was this use of social speech, the public language of lawyers, to further the Modernist project of drawing attention to the linguistic qualities of a poem. By juxtaposing the descriptions of fact—the underlying story—of one case after another, he created an emotionally powerful collage from the apparently impersonal language of judicial opinions, a collage that chronicles America's struggle with slavery and its emergence as a commercial and industrial power.
　　P1：说Charles Reznikoff这个人写了名叫作Testmony的诗歌作品，是他从当时的法庭案件中引用了很多到他的诗集中去，从而开创了一种诗歌形式叫"objectivism"。然后就出现了一大串的人名，他们是和Charles Reznikoff站在一边的，都是objectivists。之后对objectivists做了同位语解释，还说了是一种短暂但是influential的诗歌流派。然后就出现了强对比：说了与传统诗人的不同，objectivism形势和以前浪漫主义诗歌Romanisme不同的地方在于浪漫主义会用很多修辞和比喻来抒发感情，而这种"objectivism"的诗歌推崇诗本身是object。传统诗人又举了好像是两个人名(Wordsworth and Shelley)。这一段不要被这些人名吓到，只要记住他们是两拨对立的人就可以了。
　　P2：说Charles Reznikoff这个人把他的一生都献给了这部Testmony。1930年发表了前两卷;xxx年发表了后两卷，这里有一个小细节说，他在后两卷里面revised his art。
　　P3：又绕回去说Charles Reznikoff一派和传统诗歌的不同。就是传统诗歌比较注重express emotions and personalexperience.而Charles Reznikoff认为应该客观地反映世界。
　　P4：(作者态度段)说了Charles Reznikoff的testmony对于后来者的贡献在于他首次采用了judicial speech作为了诗歌的resources。又说，CharlesReznikoff用impersonal languages也表达出了powerfulemotions.

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