ChaseDream
搜索
返回列表 发新帖
查看: 2776|回复: 3
打印 上一主题 下一主题

紧急求助 关于印第安保留地水权问题的阅读

[复制链接]
跳转到指定楼层
楼主
发表于 2010-2-18 16:29:07 | 只看该作者 回帖奖励 |倒序浏览 |阅读模式
In Winters v. United States (1908), the Supreme
Court held that the right to use waters fl owing through
or adjacent to the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation
was reserved to American Indians by the treaty
establishing the reservation. Although this treaty did
not mention water rights, the Court ruled that the
federal government, when it created the reservation,
intended to deal fairly with American Indians by
reserving for them the waters without which their
lands would have been useless.
Later decisions, citing Winters, established that courts can find federal rights to reserve water for particular purposes if (1) the land in question lies within an enclave under exclusive federal jurisdiction, (2) the land has been formally withdrawn from federal public lands—i.e., withdrawn from the stock of federal lands available for private use under federal land use laws—and set aside or reserved, and (3) the circumstances reveal the government intended to reserve water as well as land when establishing the reservation.
这句话看不太懂 不知道courts can find federal rights to reserve water for particular purpose是指federal government 保留水权for particular purpose么?


收藏收藏 收藏收藏
沙发
发表于 2010-2-18 19:02:57 | 只看该作者
In Winters v. United States                在W与美国打官司(1908)的案件中,最高法
(1908), the Supreme Court held            院认为,根据领地建立的条约,美国印第安
that the right to use waters flow-            人享有使用流过或邻近FB印第安保留地的
Line ing through or adjacent to the          水的权利。
(5) Fort Berthold Indian Reservation
was reserved to American Indians
by the treaty establishing the reservation.
Although this treaty did                    虽然条约并未提及用水权,法院裁定,联邦
not mention water rights, the Court          政府在建立保留地时,希望公正对待印第安
(10) ruled that the federal government,       人,为其保留土地赖以生存的水。
when it created the reservation,
intended to deal fairly with
American Indians by preserving
for them the waters without which
(15) their lands would have been use-
less. Later decisions, citing                W引证,随后的决定确认了法院在以下三个
Winters, established that courts            条件时,可出于特殊目的得到保留水的联邦
can find federal rights to reserve             权力。
water for particular purposes if
(20) (1) the land in question lies within      1)有疑问的土地被专属联邦权限的领土包围;
an enclave under exclusive federal
jurisdiction, (2) the land has been           2)土地正式从联邦公共土地中收回-如根据联
formally withdrawn from federal             邦土地使用法律,从可用的联邦私人用途土
public lands — i.e., withdrawn from          地库存收回的-并作保留的;
(25) the stock of federal lands available
for private use under federal
land use laws — and set aside or
reserved, and (3) the circumstances         3)情况反映了政府建立保留地时希望保存水
reveal the government                     和地。
(30) intended to reserve water as well
as land when establishing the
reservation.水权法案及其适用情况
Some American Indian tribes                一些美国印第安部落根据他们在美国成立
have also established water rights             前传统引水及对一定水域的使用,通过法
(35) through the courts based on their         院获得了用水权。
traditional diversion and use of
certain waters prior to the United
States’ acquisition of sovereignty.不适用于第一、二条
For example, the Rio Grande                例如,当美国在1848年取得新墨西哥主权
(40) pueblos already existed when the        时,格兰德河的印第安人村庄已经存在。
United States acquired sovereignty
over New Mexico in 1848. Although           虽然他们在那时成为美国一部分,村庄的
they at that time became part of the          土地从未正式构成联邦公共土地的一部分;
United States, the pueblo lands
(45) never formally constituted a part
of federal public lands; in any                 在任何事件中,没有条约、法令或执行命
event, no treaty, statute, or executive           令曾指定或把村庄作为保留地从公共土地
order has ever designated                      中收回。
or withdrawn the pueblos from
(50) public lands as American Indian
reservations. This fact, however,               然而这个事实没有妨碍W原则的应用。
has not barred application
of the Winters doctrine. What                  什么构成保留地只是实践问题,不是法
constitutes an American Indian                  律定义,印第安村庄一直被美国视为保
(55) reservation is a question of                 留地。
practice, not of legal definition,
and the pueblos have always
been treated as reservations by
the United States. This pragmatic                这种实事求是的手法得到AC案的支
(60) approach is buttressed by Arizona           持,该案中,最高法院指出,所有保
v. California (1963), wherein the                  留地产生的方式并不影响W原则的
Supreme Court indicated that the                 执行。
manner in which any type of federal
reservation is created does not
(65) affect the application to it of the
Winters doctrine. Therefore, the               因此,村庄印第安人从1848年起优于
reserved water rights of Pueblo                 其他公民享有用水权,这年里,村庄必
Indians have priority over other                  以保留地来看待。
citizens’ water rights as of 1848,
(70) the year in which pueblos must
be considered to have become
reservations. 另一种保留水权的办法RG
特别套路
逻辑简图:
1P: (1908)in Winters, supreme court held that the right was reserved by treaty… Later decisions find …1), 2), 3)….
2P: some Indian tribes also established water rights… For example, RGP…. However, has not barred application of Winters. This pragmatic approach is buttressed by AVC…. Therefore, rights of P have priority over other citizen’s rights….
板凳
 楼主| 发表于 2010-2-18 20:39:52 | 只看该作者
感谢楼上的回答,可是那个解释我有点看不懂啊~~呵呵
W引证,随后的决定确认了法院在以下三个
条件时,可出于特殊目的得到保留水的联邦权力。
     1)有疑问的土地被专属联邦权限的领土包围;
         2)土地正式从联邦公共土地中收回-如根据联
         邦土地使用法律,从可用的联邦私人用途土
    地库存收回的-并作保留的;
3)情况反映了政府建立保留地时希望保存水和地。
地板
发表于 2010-2-18 21:22:45 | 只看该作者
你搜索一下吧~这个文章的讨论可多了,,,啥疑问都有~
你看看,不明白的点,然后在写出来~呵呵~
您需要登录后才可以回帖 登录 | 立即注册

Mark一下! 看一下! 顶楼主! 感谢分享! 快速回复:

手机版|ChaseDream|GMT+8, 2025-7-4 02:38
京公网安备11010202008513号 京ICP证101109号 京ICP备12012021号

ChaseDream 论坛

© 2003-2025 ChaseDream.com. All Rights Reserved.

返回顶部