几道GWD上的阅读，无法从原文定位，牛人救救我吧我

项少龙

The term “episodic memory” was introduced by Tulving to refer to what he considered a uniquely human capacity—the ability to recollect specific past events, to travel back into the past in one’s own mind—as distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through past experiences.  Subsequently, Clayton et al. developed criteria to test for episodic memory in animals.  According to these criteria, episodic memories are not of individual bits of information; they involve multiple components of a single event “bound” together.  Clayton sought to examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate memory of “what,” “where,” and “when” information and their binding of this information.  In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity.  Clayton’s experiment required jays to remember the type, location, and freshness of stored food based on a unique learning event.  Crickets were stored in one location and peanuts in another.  Jays prefer crickets, but crickets degrade more quickly.  Clayton’s birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time, showing that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when.  Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information.  Clayton acknowledged this by using the term “episodic-like” memory.

 

10. GWD-18-Q10

In order for Clayton’s experiment to show that scrub jays have episodic-like memory, which of the following must be true in the experiment?

A.      Some of the jays retrieved stored peanuts on the first occasion they were allowed to retrieve food.

B.       All the crickets were retrieved before any of the peanuts were.

C.      The peanuts were stored further away than the crickets.

D.      When a jay attempted to retrieve a cricket or a peanut, the jay was prevented from eating it.

E.       Throughout the experiment the jays were fed at levels typical of a time of scarcity.

项少龙

继续

 In a 1918 editorial, W.E.B. Du Bois advised African Americans to stop agitating for equality and to proclaim their solidarity with White Americans for the durationof the First World War. The editorial surprised many African Americans who viewed Du Bois as an uncompromising African American leader and a chief opponent of the accommodationist tactics urged by Booker, T.Washington. In fact, however, Du Bois often shifted positions along the continuum between Washington and confrontationists such as William Trotter. In 1895, when Washington called on African Americans to concentrate on improving their communities instead of opposing discrimination and agitating for political rights, Du Bois praised Washington’s speech. In 1903, however, Du Bois aligned himself with Trotter, Washington’s militant opponent, less for ideological reasons than because Trotter had described to him Washington’s efforts to silence those in the African American press who opposed Washington’s positions reflected not a change in his long-term goals but rather a pragmatic response in the face of social pressure: government officials had threatened African American journalists with censorship if they continued to voice grievances. Furthermore, Du Bois believed that African Americans’ contributions to past war efforts had brought them some legal and political advances. Du Bois’ accommodationism did not last, however. Upon learning of systematic discrimination experienced by African Americans in the military, he called on them to “return fighting” from the war.

 

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GWD-24-Q 25:

According to the passage, which of the following is true of the strategy that Du Bois’ 1918 editorial urged African Americans to adopt during the First World War?

A.      It was a strategy that Du Bois had consistently rejected in the past.

B.       It represented a compromise between Du Bois’ own views and those of Trotter.

C.      It represented a significant redefinition of the long-term goals Du Bois held prior to the war.

D.      It was advocated by Du Bois in response to his recognition of the discrimination faced by African Americans during the war.

E.       It was advocated by Du Bois in part because of his historical knowledge of gains African Americans had made during past wars.

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GWD-24-26.

The passage is primarily concerned with

A.      identifying historical circumstances that led Du Bois to alter his long-term goals.

B.       defining “accommodationism” and showing how Du Bois used this strategy to achieve certain goals

C.      accounting for a particular position adopted by Du Bois during the First World War.

D.      contesting the view that Du Bois was significantly influenced by either Washington or Trotter.

E.       assessing the effectiveness of a strategy that Du Bois urged African Americans to adopt.

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追忆逝去

帮顶 第一篇是TN 24里的14里的，看的我云里雾里，说实在的，挺无奈的……

追忆逝去

顺带一提的是，你画线的前一句提到了他的实验方法。

ppwrex

对于第一篇文章我有一些想法,不知道说的对不对, 虽然很久了,希望看到的同学帮我看看.

我觉得应该选D, 原因是实验结论的依据是在吃了一段蟋蟀之后, 松鸡就转而吃花生了. 结论是因为松鸡记得储存蟋蟀的时间, 所以在其变质之后就不吃了(what, where, when都有).

D正好进行加强, 原因是如果对D进行取非, 也就是每次松鸡都能吃到食物, 那就不能确定松鸡转吃花生是因为记得蟋蟀的储存时间,还是吃了蟋蟀发现变质了（只能证明松鸡记得what, where，但是不记得when）.

E与实验的过程无关，取非后发现松鸡不是如同环境中的喂养方式， 但是这与（what, when, where）无关，如果把题目改成In order for Clayton’s experiment to show that scrub jays have episodic-like memory IN ITS NATURAL HABITAT, which of the following must be true in the experiment?

我觉得还是不完全确定，希望大家讨论共同进步。