请教绿皮讲义上的几道题~

unfinished

Rule 1 for game X provides that anyone who refuses to become a player in game X shall at the
moment of refusal be assessed a ten-point penalty in the game.


which of the following claims is implicit in Rule 1?


b A person can aviod a ten-point penalty by initially agreeing to become a player and then
withdrawing after the game is under way.


c The rules of game X supply a procedure for determining when the game is over.


e A person can at the same time decline to play Game X and yett be a part of the game.


大家看应该选哪个？答案给的是e，但是我不理解。


The social institutions influence the formation of the character has become a generally accepted
propostition.This doctrine views individuals as but compliant recipients of social influence:
personalities are entirely the products of society and at any point in life an individual's
personality can be changed by management of the social world. Crime is said to exist only
because society has in some ways failed in its responsibility to give every person the resources
to lead a productive life. However, whereas it is true that extreme poverty forces some people to
steal, it is obvious that some persons will commit crimes no matter how well society treats them.


which of the following is implied by the "doctrine"described int he passage above?


a social institution may reflect personality as much as they shape it.


d bringing about social reform is the most likely means of curtailing crime.


答案居然是d。我觉得a是很明显的对文章第一句话的翻译，没有什么不对呀。



Dear Editor: Jone's new book has the potential to destroy reputations of persons who have held
high governmental responsibility during national crises. However, readers should dismiss Jone's
criticisms.Jone's antigovernment attitude is well known, and his criticisms will convince only
those like himself, persons who have never had real responsibility and never will, and hence are
not qualified to judge.


The argument above includes which of the following questionable techniques?


答案是这个：it assumes that attacking the source of a claim is sufficient to disprove the claim.
我不太懂的是这个source指什么啊？


最后一个，
Spiritualism, the doctrine that it is possible to communicate with the spirits of the deceased
through specially talented persons called mediums, is fraudulent. As long as the 1870's, professor
E L showed that the purported"spirit writing" of the famed medium H S was present on a slate before
the "spirit"were supposed to have begun writing on it. "This example demonstrate that the doctrine
of spiritualism is worthless"


if the example above is correctly reported, which of the following is the best argument against
the conclusion drawn above?


c The cited evidence presuposes what is to be proved
d A singleinstance of fraud cannot show that the doctrine is false in general.


你们看这个选什么好？


我的第一篇贴啊。。。请大家多支持，给点意见~

jnlvo

先提个建议，下次可不可以把题目分开贴，这样即方便大家回贴和讨论，而且你还可以多积分，获得网站更高的权限。我先试着回第一题吧。这题答案e就是对rule1的总结，指出它同时具有看似矛盾的两方面。b项withdrawing after the game is under way凭空想象，不能从文中推出。c项也是文中没有的东西，也不能合理的推出。

jnlvo

第2题a, 论段的前半部主要是讲social influence，没有强调reflect personalities


d, 正好跟文中however后的观点相反，符合前半部"doctrine"的内容的精神。

jnlvo

第3题我想a claim肯定是指第一句话，追根溯源source应该是Jone's new book或就是Jone, 文中however后就在贬his criticisms (很可能是书的内容)和Jone本人。

weiyu

I choose D for last question

jnlvo

我赞同，不过有时真理往往不会站在大多数人一边。请问搂主答案是？

unfinished

太好了~我以为不会有人理我呢，看来我还不太懂这里的规矩，以后要多学学了~


3 题的确是d，但c似乎也有点意思，因为他的例子中其实假设了“spirit writing”的存在，然后才说那个巫师在"spirit"写字之前写了字。这样算不算循环论证？


还有第一题，题干其实我就没看懂，是不是“不玩游戏的人同时也可以拒绝受到惩罚”所以e的“不玩游戏的人也可以同时加入游戏”就对了？


还有第二题，social reform是怎么推出来的？不是说过逻辑题只需要我们做一步的推测嘛？我是怎么都没有想到会是reform能解决犯罪的。。。。


请赐教~     

weiyu

c The cited evidence presuposes what is to be proved, means that the argument commits a fallcy of circular resoning. But the argument does not adopt such stragedy to develop its reasoning

unfinished

哦....我觉得这个文章很象循环论证,难道是我句子没看懂?


再问一下,象什么样的文才叫circular reasoning?能给我找一道题吗?多谢多谢~~~

unfinished

大家一起想想办法找一个循环论证啊`,再谢一遍,


我还有10天就考了